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Rodrigues F, Macedo R, Cid L, Teixeira DS, Marinho DA, Monteiro D. Sex Differences in Relationships Between Perceived Coach-Induced Motivational Climates, Basic Psychological Needs, and Behavior Regulation Among Young Swimmers. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:891-911. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512520926805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed independent and codependent effects of task- and ego-involving motivational climates on basic psychological need satisfaction and behavioral regulation (i.e., autonomous and controlled motivation) among young athletes. Participants were young Portuguese female ( n = 114) and male ( n = 324) swimmers, nested within four different clubs. Participants completed a multisection survey, assessing motivational climates, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and behavioral regulation. We used polynomial regression analysis with surface response methodology to analyze the interactions between these constructs. We found that perceived task- and ego-involving motivational climates were not mutually exclusive; rather, their relationship depended on how athletes perceived coaches’ behaviors and how coaches emphasized one or both climates. Coaches who fostered both motivational climates promoted positive outcomes among male (but not female) athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Rodrigues
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém)
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Santarém, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R. Macedo
- Center for Organizational and Social Studies of P. PORTO
| | - L. Cid
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém)
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D. S. Teixeira
- Lusófona University of Humanities and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D. A. Marinho
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Science, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - D. Monteiro
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém)
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
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Teixeira DS, Pelletier LG, Monteiro D, Rodrigues F, Moutão J, Marinho DA, Cid L. Motivational patterns in persistent swimmers: A serial mediation analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:660-669. [PMID: 31578934 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1675768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The main objective of the present study was to examine the associations between coach-created task-involving climate and athletes' intentions to continue practicing sport, through a serial mediation analysis that included basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPN), self-determined motivation (SDM) and enjoyment. Methods: Seven-hundred and ninety-nine elite swimmers (450 males, 349 females; aged 12-22 years, M = 16.65, SD = 2.83) participated in the present study. Groups were created according to age, years of experience, and gender. Results: Serial mediation analysis provided support for the proposed model where BPN's and enjoyment represent the most important mediators between task-involving climate and athletes' intentions to continue sport practice. Conclusion: Enjoyment stands out as the most relevant predictor of intention to persist and as a significant mediator in the relation between task-involvement climate, BPN, SDM, and long-term sports practice. The task-involving climate created by coaches appears to set in motion a sequence where the satisfaction of basic needs and SDM lead to more enjoyment and increased persistence among young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Teixeira
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L G Pelletier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D Monteiro
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F Rodrigues
- Sports Science Department, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J Moutão
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D A Marinho
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Sports Science Department, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - L Cid
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
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Ferreira MI, Barbosa TM, Neiva HP, Vilaça-Alves J, Costa MJ, Marinho DA. Changes of the energetic profile in masters' swimmers over a season. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55:1509-1516. [PMID: 25359133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to track and compare the changes of performance and energetic profile of male and female masters swimmers during a season. METHODS Eleven female (age: 34.7±7.3-y) and fourteen male (age: 35.6±7.4-y) with 4.2±3.7-y and 3.9±1.6-y of experience in masters, respectively, performed an all-out 200 m freestyle to evaluate total energy expenditure (Etot), aerobic (Aer), anaerobic lactic (AnL) and alactic (AnAl) contributions. The oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured immediately after the 200 m trial and the VO2 reached during the trial was estimated through the backward extrapolation of the O2 recovery curve. Fingertip capillary blood samples were collected before the 200 m trial and 3, 5, and 7 minutes after its end. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between male (TP1:177.50±30.96s; TP2:174.79±29.08s; TP3:171.21±22.38s) and female (TP1:205.18±24.47s; TP2: 197.45±20.97s; TP3: 193.45±18.12s) for 200 m freestyle performance at the three time periods (TPs). Male presented higher Etot in all TPs (TP1:230.40±48.40kJ; TP2:242.49±37.91kJ; TP3:257.94±46.32kJ) compared with that found for female swimmers (TP1:188.51±35.13kJ; TP2:193.18±20.98kJ; TP3:199.77±25.94kJ). Male presented higher AnL (TP1:33.42±6.82kJ; TP2:30.97±8.73kJ; TP3:30.66±8.27kJ) and AnAl (TP1:30.61±3.48kJ; TP2:30.61±3.48kJ; TP3:30.60±3.48kJ) than female (TP1:18.83±8.45kJ; TP2:14.98±4.17kJ; TP3:18.33±8.66kJ) and (TP1:24.32±2.22kJ; TP2:24.31±2.23kJ; TP3: 24.31±2.23kJ). Aerobic metabolism is the major contributor for Etot both in male (TP1:71.63±4.99%; TP2:74.05±5.03%; TP3:76.14±4.46%) and female swimmers (TP1:76.87±3.86%; TP2:79.40±3.63%; TP3:78.40±5.54%). CONCLUSION The better performance obtained by male compared to female swimmers may be due to the different contributions of the energetic pathways. Aerobic metabolism was the major contributor to Etot in a 200 m race, in both genders. Partial aerobic contribution was higher in female, while partial anaerobic contribution was greater in male.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Ferreira
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal -
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Costa L, Mantha VR, Silva AJ, Fernandes RJ, Marinho DA, Vilas-Boas JP, Machado L, Rouboa A. Computational fluid dynamics vs. inverse dynamics methods to determine passive drag in two breaststroke glide positions. J Biomech 2015; 48:2221-6. [PMID: 26087879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) plays an important role to quantify, understand and "observe" the water movements around the human body and its effects on drag (D). We aimed to investigate the flow effects around the swimmer and to compare the drag and drag coefficient (CD) values obtained from experiments (using cable velocimetry in a swimming pool) with those of CFD simulations for the two ventral gliding positions assumed during the breaststroke underwater cycle (with shoulders flexed and upper limbs extended above the head-GP1; with shoulders in neutral position and upper limbs extended along the trunk-GP2). Six well-trained breaststroke male swimmers (with reasonable homogeneity of body characteristics) participated in the experimental tests; afterwards a 3D swimmer model was created to fit within the limits of the sample body size profile. The standard k-ε turbulent model was used to simulate the fluid flow around the swimmer model. Velocity ranged from 1.30 to 1.70 m/s for GP1 and 1.10 to 1.50 m/s for GP2. Values found for GP1 and GP2 were lower for CFD than experimental ones. Nevertheless, both CFD and experimental drag/drag coefficient values displayed a tendency to jointly increase/decrease with velocity, except for GP2 CD where CFD and experimental values display opposite tendencies. Results suggest that CFD values obtained by single model approaches should be considered with caution due to small body shape and dimension differences to real swimmers. For better accuracy of CFD studies, realistic individual 3D models of swimmers are required, and specific kinematics respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - V R Mantha
- University of Trás-os-Montes-e-Alto Douro, Engineering Department (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Departm ent of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A J Silva
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Departm ent of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal; University of Beira Interior, Department of Sport Sciences, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J P Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Machado
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Rouboa
- University of Trás-os-Montes-e-Alto Douro, Engineering Department (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; CIENER-INEGI, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; University of Pennsylvania, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (UPENN), Main Building, 33 Wallnut Street, Philadelphia , PA 19104-6391, USA.
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Marques MC, Gabbett TJ, Marinho DA, Blazevich AJ, Sousa A, van den Tillaar R, Izquierdo M. Influence of Strength, Sprint Running, and Combined Strength and Sprint Running Training on Short Sprint Performance in Young Adults. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36:789-95. [PMID: 25958946 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1547284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of transference of 6 weeks of full squat vs. full squat plus sprint running training to short (ranged from 0-10 to 0-30 m) sprint running performance in non-athletes. We hypothesized that a speed-full-squat training regimen could enhance squat strength and power with simultaneous improvements in short sprint performance. 122 physically active adults (age: 20.5±2.5 years; body mass: 65.8±6.1 kg; height: 1.71±0.08 m) were randomly divided into 4 groups: full squat training (n=36), combined full squat and sprint training (n=32), speed training only (n=34) and non-training control group (n=20). Each training group completed 2 sessions per week over 6 weeks, while the control group performed only their normal physical activity. Sprint performance was improved after sprint running or full squat training alone (1.7% and 1.8% P<0.05, respectively), however larger enhancements (2.3%; P<0.01) were observed after the combined full squat plus sprint training intervention. These results suggest that in recreationally active adults, combined full squat and sprint training provides a greater stimulus for improving sprint performance than either modality alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Marques
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T J Gabbett
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D A Marinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - A J Blazevich
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - A Sousa
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | - M Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Barbosa TM, Morais JE, Marques MC, Silva AJ, Marinho DA, Kee YH. Hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers: Changes over a competitive season. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e184-96. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Barbosa
- National Institute of Education; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore Singapore
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development; Vila Real Portugal
| | - J. E. Morais
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança; Bragança Portugal
| | - M. C. Marques
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - A. J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - D. A. Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Y. H. Kee
- National Institute of Education; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore Singapore
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of several months of training on performance and energetic profile of elite swimmers. 9 elite swimmers were evaluated at 3 different time periods during the 2010-2011 calendar. Swimming performance was assessed based on lists of times for the 200 m freestyle event. An incremental set of 7×200 m swims was applied to obtain the energetic data. Measurements and/or estimations were made for the: velocity at 4 mmol l(-1) of lactate concentrations, highest value of lactate concentrations, maximal oxygen consumption, minimum swimming velocity where the maximal oxygen consumption is reached and total energy expenditure (Etot). The performance and most of the energetic variables assessed presented no significant variations during the study period. The only exception was the Etot with significant differences between all measurements. Correlation coefficients suggested a high stability for all variables. Cohen's Kappa tracking index demonstrated high variability in the individual adaptations to training. It is concluded that elite swimmers demonstrate a slight improvement in performance and energetic profile in response to several months of training. Each subject has an individual way of adapting to the training load, combining the different energetic confounders to enhance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Barbosa TM, Morouço PGF, Jesus S, Feitosa WG, Costa MJ, Marinho DA, Silva AJ, Garrido ND. The interaction between intra-cyclic variation of the velocity and mean swimming velocity in young competitive swimmers. Int J Sports Med 2012; 34:123-30. [PMID: 22972251 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the intra-cyclic variation of the horizontal velocity (dv) and the velocity of the 4 competitive swimming techniques in young swimmers. 45 young swimmers performed a set of maximal 4 × 25 m (freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly stroke) swims with in water start. A speed-meter cable was attached to the swimmer's hip. The dv and the swimming velocity were analyzed. Within-subject tests presented significant variations in the dv based on the swimming technique. Post-hoc test revealed significant differences across all pair-wised swimming techniques (P<0.001), except for the comparison between freestyle and backstroke (P=0.98). The dv was higher in the breaststroke, followed by the butterfly, the backstroke and the freestyle. The quadratic models had the best goodness-of-fit and the lower error of estimation for the relationship between the dv and the swimming velocity in all swimming techniques (0.24 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.51). As a conclusion, there is a non-linear relationship where the increase of swimming velocity leads to a decrease of dv in young competitive swimmers.
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Reis VM, Marinho DA, Policarpo FB, Carneiro AL, Baldari C, Silva AJ. Examining the Accumulated Oxygen Deficit Method in Front Crawl Swimming. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31:421-7. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1248286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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