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Ramirez-Fort MK, Meier-Schiesser B, Lachance K, Mahase SS, Church CD, Niaz MJ, Liu H, Navarro V, Nikolopoulou A, Kazakov DV, Contassot E, Nguyen DP, Sach J, Hadravsky L, Sheng Y, Tagawa ST, Wu X, Lange CS, French LE, Nghiem PT, Bander NH. Folate hydrolase-1 (FOLH1) is a novel target for antibody-based brachytherapy in Merkel cell carcinoma. Skin Health Dis 2021; 1. [PMID: 34541577 PMCID: PMC8447486 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Folate Hydrolase‐1 (FOLH1; PSMA) is a type II transmembrane protein, luminally expressed by solid tumour neo‐vasculature. Monoclonal antibody (mAb), J591, is a vehicle for mAb‐based brachytherapy in FOLH1+ cancers. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy that involves placing a radioactive material a short distance from the target tissue (e.g., on the skin or internally); brachytherapy is commonly accomplished with the use of catheters, needles, metal seeds and antibody or small peptide conjugates. Herein, FOLH1 expression in primary (p) and metastatic (m) Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is characterized to determine its targeting potential for J591‐brachytherapy. Materials & Methods Paraffin sections from pMCC and mMCC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for FOLH1. Monte Carlo simulation was performed using the physical properties of conjugated radioisotope lutetium‐177. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were calculated based on patient outcome data and FOLH1 expression. Results Eighty‐one MCC tumours were evaluated. 67% (54/81) of all cases, 77% (24/31) pMCC and 60% (30/50) mMCC tumours were FOLH1+. Monte Carlo simulation showed highly localized ionizing tracks of electrons emitted from the targeted neo‐vessel. 42% (34/81) of patients with FOLH1+/− MCC had available survival data for analysis. No significant differences in our limited data set were detected based on FOLH1 status (p = 0.4718; p = 0.6470), staining intensity score (p = 0.6966; p = 0.9841) or by grouping staining intensity scores (− and + vs. ++, +++, +++) (p = 0.8022; p = 0.8496) for MCC‐specific survival or recurrence free survival, respectively. Conclusions We report the first evidence of prevalent FOLH1 expression within MCC‐associated neo‐vessels, in 60‐77% of patients in a large MCC cohort. Given this data, and the need for alternatives to immune therapies it is appropriate to explore the safety and efficacy of FOLH1‐targeted brachytherapy for MCC. What's already known about this topic? We report the first evidence of prevalent folate hydrolase‐1 (FOLH1; also known as prostate‐specific membrane antigen) expression within MCC‐associated neovessels.
What does this study add? Herein, FOLH1 expression in Merkel cell carcinoma neovasculature is validated, and the therapeutic mechanism of specific, systemic targeting of disseminated disease with antibody‐based brachytherapy, is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Ramirez-Fort
- Department of Life Sciences, BioFort®, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, USA.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - B Meier-Schiesser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Lachance
- Department of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S S Mahase
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - C D Church
- Department of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M J Niaz
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - H Liu
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - V Navarro
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - A Nikolopoulou
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - D V Kazakov
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - E Contassot
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D P Nguyen
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - J Sach
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - L Hadravsky
- Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Y Sheng
- Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China
| | - S T Tagawa
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - X Wu
- Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China.,Innovative Cancer Institute, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - C S Lange
- Department of Life Sciences, BioFort®, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - L E French
- Department of Dermatology, Münich University Hospital, Münich, Germany
| | - P T Nghiem
- Department of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - N H Bander
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Dmitrieva NI, Walts AD, Nguyen DP, Grubb A, Zhang X, Wang X, Ping X, Jin H, Yu Z, Yu ZX, Yang D, Schwartzbeck R, Dalgard CL, Kozel BA, Levin MD, Knutsen RH, Liu D, Milner JD, López DB, O'Connell MP, Lee CCR, Myles IA, Hsu AP, Freeman AF, Holland SM, Chen G, Boehm M. Impaired angiogenesis and extracellular matrix metabolism in autosomal-dominant hyper-IgE syndrome. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4167-4181. [PMID: 32369445 DOI: 10.1172/jci135490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 7000 described rare diseases, most lacking specific treatment. Autosomal-dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES, also known as Job's syndrome) is caused by mutations in STAT3. These patients present with immunodeficiency accompanied by severe nonimmunological features, including skeletal, connective tissue, and vascular abnormalities, poor postinfection lung healing, and subsequent pulmonary failure. No specific therapies are available for these abnormalities. Here, we investigated underlying mechanisms in order to identify therapeutic targets. Histological analysis of skin wounds demonstrated delayed granulation tissue formation and vascularization during skin-wound healing in AD-HIES patients. Global gene expression analysis in AD-HIES patient skin fibroblasts identified deficiencies in a STAT3-controlled transcriptional network regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and angiogenesis, with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) being a major contributor. Consistent with this, histological analysis of skin wounds and coronary arteries from AD-HIES patients showed decreased HIF-1α expression and revealed abnormal organization of the ECM and altered formation of the coronary vasa vasorum. Disease modeling using cell culture and mouse models of angiogenesis and wound healing confirmed these predicted deficiencies and demonstrated therapeutic benefit of HIF-1α-stabilizing drugs. The study provides mechanistic insights into AD-HIES pathophysiology and suggests potential treatment options for this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Avram D Walts
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Dai Phuong Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Alex Grubb
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Xue Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, and
| | - Xujing Wang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, and
| | - Xianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Hui Jin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Zhen Yu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Robin Schwartzbeck
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics.,The American Genome Center, and.,Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth A Kozel
- Laboratory of Vascular and Matrix Genetics, NHLBI
| | - Mark D Levin
- Laboratory of Vascular and Matrix Genetics, NHLBI
| | | | - Delong Liu
- Laboratory of Vascular and Matrix Genetics, NHLBI
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Diego B López
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Michael P O'Connell
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Chyi-Chia Richard Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), and
| | - Ian A Myles
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guibin Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch
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3
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Hilfenhaus G, Nguyen DP, Freshman J, Prajapati D, Ma F, Song D, Ziyad S, Cuadrado M, Pellegrini M, Bustelo XR, Iruela-Arispe ML. Vav3-induced cytoskeletal dynamics contribute to heterotypic properties of endothelial barriers. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2813-2830. [PMID: 29858212 PMCID: PMC6080943 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Through multiple cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, epithelial and endothelial sheets form tight barriers. Modulators of the cytoskeleton contribute to barrier stability and act as rheostats of vascular permeability. In this study, we sought to identify cytoskeletal regulators that underlie barrier diversity across vessels. To achieve this, we correlated functional and structural barrier features to gene expression of endothelial cells (ECs) derived from different vascular beds. Within a subset of identified candidates, we found that the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 was exclusively expressed by microvascular ECs and was closely associated with a high-resistance barrier phenotype. Ectopic expression of Vav3 in large artery and brain ECs significantly enhanced barrier resistance and cortical rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Mechanistically, we found that the barrier effect of Vav3 is dependent on its Dbl homology domain and downstream activation of Rap1. Importantly, inactivation of Vav3 in vivo resulted in increased vascular leakage, highlighting its function as a key regulator of barrier stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hilfenhaus
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dai Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan Freshman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Divya Prajapati
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dana Song
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Safiyyah Ziyad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Myriam Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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4
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Nguyen DP, Kent M, Vilaseca A, Corradi RB, Fossati N, Sjoberg DD, Benfante N, Eastham JA, Scardino PT, Touijer KA. Updated postoperative nomogram incorporating the number of positive lymph nodes to predict disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 20:105-109. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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5
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Ali A, Nguyen DP, Tewari A. Robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy in 2013. MINERVA CHIR 2013; 68:499-512. [PMID: 24101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy has surpassed open radical prostatectomy as the most common surgical approach for radical prostatectomy in the United States. In this article we briefly describe the evolution of this minimally invasive technique. The current diagnostic approaches of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and fusion biopsy used in preoperative workup of the patients are discussed, followed by a description of risk stratified a thermal nerve sparing approach with total anatomical reconstruction. Finally we present a critical appraisal of the published oncological, continence and potency outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ali
- Center for Prostate Cancer Lefrak Center of Robotic Surgery Department of Urology Weill Cornell Medical College New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY, USA -
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6
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Saberi P, Phengrasamy T, Nguyen DP. Inhaled corticosteroid use in HIV-positive individuals taking protease inhibitors: a review of pharmacokinetics, case reports and clinical management. HIV Med 2013; 14:519-29. [PMID: 23590676 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of inhibition of the hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 isozyme, treatment with HIV protease inhibitors can result in significant drug-drug interactions. One noteworthy interaction is between protease inhibitors and inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids. This interaction can result in adrenal insufficiency and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome (with symptoms such as rapid weight gain, obesity, facial hirsutism and swelling), as well as hypertension, osteoporosis and decreased CD4 cell count. In this paper, we review and unite pharmacokinetic data, case reports and current research regarding this drug-drug interaction in order to suggest options for the clinical management of HIV-positive patients requiring treatment with protease inhibitors and inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saberi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Barbieri R, Frank LM, Nguyen DP, Quirk MC, Solo V, Wilson MA, Brown EN. A Bayesian decoding algorithm for analysis of information encoding in neural ensembles. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2004:4483-6. [PMID: 17271302 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1404246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Developing optimal strategies for constructing and testing decoding algorithms is an important question in computational neuroscience, In this field, decoding algorithms are mathematical methods that model ensemble neural spiking activity as they dynamically represent a biological signal. We present a recursive decoding algorithm based on a Bayesian point process model of individual neuron spiking activity and a linear stochastic state-space model of the biological signal. We assess the accuracy of the algorithm by computing, along with the decoding error, the true coverage probability of the approximate 0.95 confidence regions for the individual signal estimates. We illustrate the new algorithm by analyzing the position and ensemble neural spiking activity of CA1 hippocampal neurons from a rat foraging in an open circular environment The median decoding error during 10 minutes of open foraging was 5.5 cm, and the true coverage probability for 0.95 confidence regions was 0.75 using 32 neurons. These findings improve significantly on our previous results and suggest an approach to reading dynamically information represented in ensemble neural spiking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barbieri
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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8
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Abstract
Neural receptive fields are plastic: with experience, neurons in many brain regions change their spiking responses to relevant stimuli. Analysis of receptive field plasticity from experimental measurements is crucial for understanding how neural systems adapt their representations of relevant biological information. Current analysis methods using histogram estimates of spike rate functions in nonoverlapping temporal windows do not track the evolution of receptive field plasticity on a fine time scale. Adaptive signal processing is an established engineering paradigm for estimating time-varying system parameters from experimental measurements. We present an adaptive filter algorithm for tracking neural receptive field plasticity based on point process models of spike train activity. We derive an instantaneous steepest descent algorithm by using as the criterion function the instantaneous log likelihood of a point process spike train model. We apply the point process adaptive filter algorithm in a study of spatial (place) receptive field properties of simulated and actual spike train data from rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. A stability analysis of the algorithm is sketched in the. The adaptive algorithm can update the place field parameter estimates on a millisecond time scale. It reliably tracked the migration, changes in scale, and changes in maximum firing rate characteristic of hippocampal place fields in a rat running on a linear track. Point process adaptive filtering offers an analytic method for studying the dynamics of neural receptive fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Brown
- Neuroscience Statistics Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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9
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Jansen B, Kersey JH, Jaszcz WB, Gunther R, Nguyen DP, Chelstrom LM, Tuel-Ahlgren L, Uckun FM. Effective immunochemotherapy of human t(4;11) leukemia in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using B43 (anti-CD19)-pokeweed antiviral protein immunotoxin plus cyclophosphamide. Leukemia 1993; 7:290-7. [PMID: 7678881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human mixed lineage leukemia cell line RS4;11 with the t(4;11)(q21;q23) translocation causes disseminated and invariably fatal leukemia in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Whereas an immunotoxin constructed from the murine anti-CD19(B43) monoclonal antibody and the plant toxin pokeweed antiviral protein (B43-PAP) has a potent in vitro anti-leukemic effect against clonogenic RS4;11 cells, its activity is further potentiated by the active cyclophosphamide congener mafosfamid. These intriguing observations prompted us to evaluate the in vivo antileukemic efficacy of combined immunochemotherapy employing B43-PAP immunotoxin plus cyclophosphamide against human t(4;11) leukemia cells in an RS4;11 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model system. Intravenous injections of B43-PAP or cyclophosphamide improved survival of SCID mice challenged with RS4;11 leukemia, as reflected by markedly prolonged median survival times. After intravenous inoculation of 5 x 10(7) RS4;11 leukemia cells, the median survival times were 41 days for saline-treated control mice (n = 12), 44 days for control mice treated with unconjugated B43 monoclonal antibody and PAP (n = 12), 56 days for mice treated with the control immunotoxin G17.2 (anti-CD4)-PAP (n = 6), 79 days for B43-PAP-treated test mice (n = 12), and 80 days for cyclophosphamide-treated test mice (n = 16). Notably, combined immunochemotherapy using B43-PAP plus cyclophosphamide was significantly more effective than either B43-PAP or cyclophosphamide alone. The median survival time for a total of 22 SCID mice undergoing combined immunochemotherapy with B43-PAP followed by cyclophosphamide (n = 12) or cyclophosphamide followed B43-PAP (n = 10) was > 150 days. The Kaplan-Meier estimates and standard errors of the probability of event-free survival at 5 months after inoculation of 5 x 10(7) RS4;11 cells were 21 +/- 13% for B43-PAP-treated mice, 7 +/- 6% for cyclophosphamide-treated mice, 90 +/- 10% for mice treated with B43-PAP followed by cyclophosphamide (n = 12), and 90 +/- 10% for mice treated with cyclophosphamide followed by B43-PAP (n = 10). Our results lead us to recommend that initial consideration be given to combined immunochemotherapy protocols using B43-PAP immunotoxin plus cyclophosphamide for treatment of refractory or relapsed t(4;11) leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD19
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Cyclophosphamide/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/therapy
- Leukemic Infiltration
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- Plant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jansen
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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