1
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Puzhistky M, Pradhan E, Nikolaev A, Zeng T, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Stability and reactivity of alkylidene dihydropyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38713056 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00200h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Alkylidene dihydropyridines (ADHPs) are electron-rich nucleophilic intermediates that can be readily prepared by dearomatization of 4-alkylpyridines using chloroformate reagents and mild base. Their stability and reactivity can be tuned with the chloroformate reagent used as evidenced by NMR chemical shifts and oxidation potentials. ADHPs prepared with ethyl, allyl and trichloroethyl chloroformate undergo decomposition under an oxygen atmosphere at different rates (ethyl > allyl > trichloroethyl), predominantly to the corresponding 4-acylpyridine. The ADHPs derived from benzyl chloroformate are stable towards oxidation, and those derived from phenyl chloroformate hydrolyze readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Puzhistky
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Ekadashi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pCMC Drug Substance, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann - La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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2
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Rasheed F, Shi J, Zeng T, Krishna Y, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Soft Fluorination of 4-Alkylpyridines. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38029416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the mild and selective mono- and difluorination of 4-alkylpyridines. The process involves soft-dearomatization of pyridines to the corresponding alkylidene dihydropyridines and treatment with Selectfluor. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups, including those bearing acidic and weak C-H bonds. In addition, selective fluorination of 4-alkylpyridines attached to 2-alkylpyridines and 2-alkylpyrimidines can be achieved in good yields, but a 4-alkylpyridine tethered to a 4-alkylpyrimidine is fluorinated at both heterobenzylic positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yarkali Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pCMC Drug Substance, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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3
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Shi J, Rasheed F, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Mild Installation of Piperidines on 4-Alkylpyridines. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37348009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a mild method for the synthesis of scaffolds bearing 4-pyridine and 4-piperidine moieties joined by a substituted methylene group. The method exploits the latent nucleophilicity of 4-alkylpyridines and the inherent electrophilicity of pyridines. 4-Alkylpyridines are transformed into nucleophilic alkylidene dihydropyridines (ADHPs) through a soft enolization approach using triethyl amine and chloroformate reagents. HCl is used to promote the addition of ADHPs to pyridine, yielding an adduct bearing pyridine and protected dihydropyridine fragments. Transfer hydrogenation delivers the desired compounds in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada!
| | - Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada!
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pCMC Drug Substance, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada!
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4
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Shi J, Sayyad A, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Alkylidene Dihydropyridines Are Surrogates for Pyridylic Anions in the Conjugate Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Org Lett 2021; 24:48-52. [PMID: 34889618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We show that alkylidene dihydropyridines, readily prepared from 4-alkylpyridines, behave as soft nucleophiles toward a range of α,β-unsaturated ketones under the influence of silyl Lewis acids to give the products of conjugate addition. In contrast to existing methods, which use strongly basic pyridylic anions, this reaction tolerates a wide array of functional groups, providing access to useful heterocyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ashik Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis, Synthetic Molecule Technical Development, F. Hoffmann - La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Wasfy
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Brian Doan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis, Synthetic Molecule Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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6
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Wasfy N, Rasheed F, Robidas R, Hunter I, Shi J, Doan B, Legault CY, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Pyridylic anions are soft nucleophiles in the palladium-catalyzed C(sp 3)-H allylation of 4-alkylpyridines. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1503-1512. [PMID: 34163914 PMCID: PMC8179045 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a mild palladium-catalyzed method for the selective allylation of 4-alkylpyridines in which highly basic pyridylic anions behave as soft nucleophiles. This method exploits alkylidene dihydropyridines, which are semi-stable intermediates readily formed using a ‘soft-enolization’ approach, in a new mechanistic manifold for decarboxylative allylation. Notably, the catalytic generation of pyridylic anions results in a substantially broader functional group tolerance compared to other pyridine allylation methods. Experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies strongly suggest that pyridylic anions are indeed the active nucleophiles in these reactions, and that they participate in an outer-sphere reductive elimination step. This finding establishes a new pKa boundary of 35 for soft nucleophiles in transition metal-catalyzed allylations. We report a mild palladium-catalyzed method for the selective allylation of 4-alkylpyridines in which highly basic pyridylic anions behave as soft nucleophiles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Wasfy
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Raphaël Robidas
- Department of Chemistry, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Sherbrooke 2500 Boulevard de l'Université Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Isabelle Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Brian Doan
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Claude Y Legault
- Department of Chemistry, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Sherbrooke 2500 Boulevard de l'Université Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis, Synthetic Molecule Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3
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7
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Fishlock D, Diodone R, Hildbrand S, Kuhn B, Mössner C, Peters C, Rege PD, Rimmler G, Schantz M. Efficient Industrial Synthesis of the MDM2 Antagonist Idasanutlin via a Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] Asymmetric Cycloaddition. Chimia (Aarau) 2018; 72:492-500. [PMID: 30158012 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2018.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A concise asymmetric synthesis has been developed to prepare idasanutlin, a small molecule MDM2 antagonist. Idasanutlin is currently being investigated as a potential treatment for various solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. The highly congested pyrrolidine core, containing four contiguous stereocenters, was constructed via a Cu(I)/(R)-BINAP catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction. This optimized copper(<small>I</small>)-catalyzed process has been used to produce more than 1500 kg of idasanutlin. The manufacturing process will be described, highlighting the exceptionally selective and consistent cycloaddition/isomerization/hydrolysis sequence. The excellent yields, short cycle times and reduction in waste streams result in a sustainable production process with low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fishlock
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel;,
| | - Ralph Diodone
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Stefan Hildbrand
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Contributions to computational chemistry and modelling Computer-aided Drug Design Group Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Christian Mössner
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Carsten Peters
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Pankaj D Rege
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Gösta Rimmler
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Markus Schantz
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis Small Molecule Technical Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, CH-4070 Basel
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8
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Rimmler G, Alker A, Bosco M, Diodone R, Fishlock D, Hildbrand S, Kuhn B, Moessner C, Peters C, Rege PD, Schantz M. Practical Synthesis of MDM2 Antagonist RG7388. Part 2: Development of the Cu(I) Catalyzed [3 + 2] Asymmetric Cycloaddition Process for the Manufacture of Idasanutlin. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gösta Rimmler
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andre Alker
- Therapeutic
Modalities, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Bosco
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Diodone
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hildbrand
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Therapeutic
Modalities, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Moessner
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Peters
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pankaj D. Rege
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schantz
- Small
Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Shu L, Gu C, Fishlock D, Li Z. Practical Synthesis of MDM2 Antagonist RG7388. Part 1: A Cu(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloaddition. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhe Shu
- Process Research and Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Chen Gu
- Process Research and Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Research and Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Zizhong Li
- Process Research and Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
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10
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Higgins B, Tovar C, Glen K, Railkar A, Filipovic Z, Qureshi F, Vu B, Ehrlich G, Fishlock D, Chen LC, Middleton S, Nichols G, Packman K, Vassilev L. Abstract A156: Preclinical activity of MDM2 antagonist RO6839921, a pegylated prodrug for intravenous administration. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-a156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is a transcription factor that inhibits tumorigenesis by inducing cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to diverse stresses. In normal cells, p53 levels are tightly controlled by MDM2 which binds p53 and negatively regulates its activity and stability. MDM2 is overproduced in many human cancers, thereby impairing p53 function. Antagonists of p53-MDM2 interaction can enhance p53 activity and offer a novel approach to cancer therapy. The first potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of p53-MDM2 binding, the nutlins, provided preclinical proof-of-concept for MDM2 antagonists as therapeutics for patients with tumors expressing wild-type p53. The nutlin family member idasanutlin (RG7388, RO5503781) is an oral small molecule inhibitor of MDM2 currently in clinical testing.
Here we describe RO6839921, a pegylated prodrug formulated for intravenous administration. This IV MDM2 antagonist has been developed in order to improve variability in exposure seen with the oral compound, and to allow expansion into indications where patients cannot swallow or absorb the oral idasanutlin. RO6839921 is rapidly metabolized to the active principle (AP) idasanutlin which then binds selectively to the p53 site on the surface of the MDM2 molecule. In vitro testing with the AP shows high affinity with effective displacement of p53 from MDM2, leading to stabilization and accumulation of p53 protein and activation of the p53 pathway. Studies focused on in vivo investigation of activity of the prodrug RO6839921 since esterase cleavage is required to release the AP. The anti-tumor activity of RO6839921 was investigated in several sarcoma xenograft models including highly responsive wild-type (WT) p53, MDM2 overexpressing osteosarcoma models SJSA-1 and MHM. Sustained survival was seen in the WT p53 HT1080 fibrosarcoma model when combined with Doxil. Activity was also seen in the WT p53 MOLM-13 disseminated AML model alone and in combination with cytarabine, in the CRPC model 22rv1, and in the ER+ BCa model MCF-7.
In these studies we see an increase in dose commensurate with exposure and activity (prodrug vs oral), less variability, and potentiated activity in combination with relevant therapeutics.
Clinical studies with the oral AP (idasanutlin) have shown that p53 may be activated by this novel therapeutic strategy that releases p53 from MDM2 inhibition. In particular, patients with AML exhibit significant clinical activity (ASH 2014). In view of the existing unmet medical need in advanced cancers, and the promising activity seen with idasanutlin, RO6839921 is believed to be a promising agent that may offer new therapeutic options, and is therefore currently in clinical testing in both solid and hematologic malignancies.
Citation Format: Brian Higgins, Christian Tovar, Kelli Glen, Aruna Railkar, Zoran Filipovic, Farooq Qureshi, Binh Vu, George Ehrlich, Dan Fishlock, Lin-Chi Chen, Steven Middleton, Gwen Nichols, Kathryn Packman, Lyubomir Vassilev. Preclinical activity of MDM2 antagonist RO6839921, a pegylated prodrug for intravenous administration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Higgins
- 1Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Binh Vu
- 2Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ
| | | | - Dan Fishlock
- 3Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lin-Chi Chen
- 1Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY
| | - Steven Middleton
- 1Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY
| | - Gwen Nichols
- 1Pharma Research and Early Development; Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, NY
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11
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Wetzl D, Berrera M, Sandon N, Fishlock D, Ebeling M, Müller M, Hanlon S, Wirz B, Iding H. Inside Back Cover: Expanding the Imine Reductase Toolbox by Exploring the Bacterial Protein-Sequence Space (ChemBioChem 12/2015). Chembiochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201590035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Wetzl D, Berrera M, Sandon N, Fishlock D, Ebeling M, Müller M, Hanlon S, Wirz B, Iding H. Expanding the Imine Reductase Toolbox by Exploring the Bacterial Protein-Sequence Space. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1749-56. [PMID: 26044455 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations on imine reductases (IREDs) have enriched the toolbox of potential catalysts for accessing chiral amines, which are important building blocks for the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, we describe the characterization of 20 new IREDs. A C-terminal domain clustering of the bacterial protein-sequence space was performed to identify the novel IRED candidates. Each of the identified enzymes was characterized against a set of nine cyclic imine model substrates. A refined clustering towards putative active-site residues was performed and was consistent both with our screening and previously reported results. Finally, preparative scale experiments on a 100 mg scale with two purified IREDs, IR_20 from Streptomyces tsukubaensis and IR_23 from Streptomyces vidiochromogenes, were carried out to provide (R)-2-methylpiperidine in 98% ee (71% yield) and (R)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline in >98% ee (82% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wetzl
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Marco Berrera
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland).,Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Nicolas Sandon
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Martin Ebeling
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland).,Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
| | - Steven Hanlon
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Beat Wirz
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Hans Iding
- Process Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel (Switzerland).
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhe Shu
- Process
Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley,
New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Zizhong Li
- Process
Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley,
New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Chen Gu
- Process
Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley,
New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process
Research and Synthesis, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley,
New Jersey 07110, United States
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14
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Davidson JP, Sarma K, Fishlock D, Welch MH, Sukhtankar S, Lee GM, Martin M, Cooper GF. A Synthesis of 3,5-Disubstituted Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900322u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Davidson
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Keshab Sarma
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Michael H. Welch
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Sunil Sukhtankar
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Gary M. Lee
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Michael Martin
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Gary F. Cooper
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
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15
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Fillion E, Fishlock D. Scandium triflate-catalyzed intramolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation with Meldrum's acids: insight into the mechanism. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Fillion E, Wilsily A, Fishlock D. Probing Persistent Intramolecular C−H···X (X = O, S, Br, Cl, and F) Bonding in Solution Using Benzyl Meldrum’s Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2008; 74:1259-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802311w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ashraf Wilsily
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Abstract
A formal total synthesis of the potent anticancer agent Et-743 is described. The tetrahydroisoquinoline core is stereoselectively constructed using a novel radical cyclization of a glyoxalimine. Further elaboration of this core rapidly accessed the pentacyclic core of Et-743, but a mixture of regiosisomers was obtained in the key Pictet-Spengler ring closure. A known advanced intermediate in the synthesis of Et-743 was intercepted, constituting a formal synthesis of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fishlock
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, U.S.A
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Fishlock D, Williams RM. Synthetic Studies on Et-743. Asymmetric, Stereocontrolled Construction of the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Core via Radical Cyclization on a Glyoxalimine. Org Lett 2006; 8:3299-301. [PMID: 16836390 DOI: 10.1021/ol061192r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] The asymmetric synthesis of a highly functionalized tetrahydroisoquinoline relevant to the total synthesis of Et-743 is described. The key step involves a highly diastereoselective radical cyclization on a glyoxalimine derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fishlock
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1872, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Fillion E, Fishlock D. Total Synthesis of (±)-Taiwaniaquinol B via a Domino Intramolecular Friedel−Crafts Acylation/Carbonyl α-tert-Alkylation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13144-5. [PMID: 16173732 DOI: 10.1021/ja054447p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of taiwaniaquinol B, a 6-nor-5(6-->7)abeoabietane-type diterpenoid exhibiting the uncommon fused 6-5-6 tricyclic carbon skeleton, was accomplished in 15 steps. A Lewis acid-promoted tandem intramolecular Friedel-Crafts/carbonyl alpha-tert-alkylation reaction was exploited as the core strategy for the synthesis of the sterically congested 1-indanone-containing tricyclic structure. This multiple carbon-carbon bond forming reaction exploits the unique reactivity of Meldrum's acid. The facile precursor synthesis makes this a useful methodology for the expedient modification and assembly of sterically congested 1-indanone-containing ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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Fillion E, Fishlock D, Wilsily A, Goll JM. Meldrum's Acids as Acylating Agents in the Catalytic Intramolecular Friedel−Crafts Reaction. J Org Chem 2005; 70:1316-27. [PMID: 15704966 DOI: 10.1021/jo0483724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatics with Meldrum's acid derivatives catalyzed by metal trifluoromethanesulfonates is reported. Meldrum's acids are easily prepared, functionalized, handled, and purified. The synthesis of polysubstituted 1-indanones from benzyl Meldrum's acids was investigated thoroughly, and it was shown that a variety of catalysts were effective, while accommodating a diversity of functional groups under mild conditions. The scope, limitations, and functional group tolerance (terminal alkene and alkyne, ketal, dialkyl ether, dialkyl thioether, aryl methyl ether, aryl TIPS and TBDPS ethers, nitrile- and nitro-substituted aryls, alkyl and aryl halides) for a variety of 5-benzyl (enolizable Meldrum's acids) and 5-benzyl-5-substituted Meldrum's acids (quaternized Meldrum's acids), forming 1-indanones and 2-substituted-1-indanones, respectively, are delineated. This method was further applied to the synthesis of 1-tetralones, 1-benzosuberones, and the potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil. Rate of cyclization as a function of ring size was established for various benzocyclic ketones via competition experiments: 1-tetralones form faster than both 1-indanones and 1-benzosuberones, and 1-benzosuberones cyclize faster than 1-indanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Perdicakis B, Montgomery HJ, Abbott GL, Fishlock D, Lajoie GA, Guillemette JG, Jervis E. Photocontrol of nitric oxide production in cell culture using a caged isoform selective inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:47-57. [PMID: 15582451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 10/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, multiphoton microscopy has progressed from a photonic novelty to a technique whose application is currently experiencing exponential growth in the biological sciences. A novel application of this technology with significant therapeutic potential is the control of drug activity by multiphoton photolysis of caged therapeutics. As an initial case study, the potent isoform selective inhibitor N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl) acetamidine (1400W) of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been conjugated to a caging molecule 6-bromo-7-hydroxy-4-hydroxyquinoline-2-ylmethyl acetyl ester (Bhc). Here we present the first report of a bulk therapeutic effect, inhibition of nitric oxide production, in mammalian cell culture by multiphoton photolysis of a caged drug, Bhc-1400W. Mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharides to express iNOS were used to assess the therapeutic value of the conjugated inhibitor. Both 1400W and Bhc-1400W are stable in metabolically active cells and an optimal time interval for the photorelease of the inhibitor was determined. The ratios of the IC(50) values of Bhc-1400W over 1400W calculated in the presence of iNOS enzyme and in RAW 264.7 cell culture are 19 and 100, respectively, indicating that a broad therapeutic range exists in cell culture. Multiphoton uncaging protocols and therapeutic doses of inhibitors were not cytotoxic. Photocontrol of LPS induced nitric oxide production was achieved in mammalian cell culture using a single laser focal volume. This technology has the potential to control active drug concentrations in vivo, a lack of which is one of the main problems currently associated with systemic drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Perdicakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
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Fillion E, Fishlock D. Convenient Access to Polysubstituted 1-Indanones by Sc(OTf)3-Catalyzed Intramolecular Friedel−Crafts Acylation of Benzyl Meldrum's Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2003; 5:4653-6. [PMID: 14627407 DOI: 10.1021/ol035817m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzyl Meldrum's acids is catalyzed by Sc(OTf)(3) under mild reaction conditions. Several polysubstituted 1-indanones have been prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Fishlock D, Perdicakis B, Montgomery HJ, Guillemette JG, Jervis E, Lajoie GA. Synthesis and evaluation of trans 3,4-cyclopropyl L-arginine analogues as isoform selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:869-73. [PMID: 12614872 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four optically pure conformationally restricted L-arginine analogues syn- 1 and anti- 2 trans-3,4-cyclopropyl L-arginine, and syn- 3 and anti-trans-3,4-cyclopropyl N-(1-iminoethyl) L-ornithine 4 were synthesized. These compounds were tested as potential inhibitors against the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Compound 1 was determined to be a poor substrate of NOS, while compound 2 was determined to be a poor mixed type inhibitor and did not exhibit any isoform selectivity. Syn- 3 and anti-trans-3,4-cyclopropyl N-(1-iminoethyl) L-ornithine 4 were found to be competitive inhibitors of NOS. These compounds were time dependent inhibitors of inducible NOS (iNOS), but not of neuronal NOS (nNOS) or endothelial NOS (eNOS). Compound 3 was 10- to 100-fold more potent an inhibitor than 4, exhibited a 5-fold increase in nNOS/iNOS and eNOS/iNOS selectivity over 4, and displayed tight binding characteristics against iNOS. These results indicate that the relative configuration of the cyclopropyl ring in the L-arginine analogues significantly affects their inhibitory potential and NOS isoform selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fishlock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Montgomery HJ, Perdicakis B, Fishlock D, Lajoie GA, Jervis E, Guy Guillemette J. Photo-control of nitric oxide synthase activity using a caged isoform specific inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:1919-27. [PMID: 11937350 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in a number of physiological processes and is produced in mammalian cells by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isozymes. Because of the diverse functions of NO, pharmaceutical interventions which seek to abrogate adverse effects of excess NOS activity must not interfere with the normal regulation of NO levels in the body. A method has been developed for the control of NOS enzyme activity using the localized photochemical release of a caged isoform-specific NOS inhibitor. The caged form of an iNOS inhibitor has been synthesized and tested for photosensitivity and potency. UV and multiphoton uncaging were verified using a hemoglobin-based assay. IC(50) values were determined for the inhibitor (70+/-11 nM), the caged inhibitor (1098+/-172 nM), the UV uncaged inhibitor (67+/-26 nM) and the multiphoton uncaged inhibitor (73+/-11 nM). UV irradiation of the caged inhibitor resulted in a 86% reduction in iNOS activity after 5 min. Multiphoton uncaging had an apparent first order time constant of 0.007+/-0.001 min(-1). A therapeutic range exists, with molar excess of inhibitor to enzyme from 3- to 7-fold, over which the full dynamic range of the inhibition can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
There is currently considerable interest in arginine and its structural analogues in the context of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrates and inhibitors. Of particular interest are conformationally constrained arginine analogues used to probe the active sites of the three NOS isoforms. A simple procedure is described for the preparation of syn- and anti-trans-cyclopropyl arginine starting from the alpha-OBO-protected Cbz-dehydroglutamate. Cyclopropanation is effected by diazomethane addition followed by irradiation of the resulting pyrazoline and gives a 3:1 mixture of syn:anti isomers that can be separated by crystallization. Reduction of the ester to the alcohol followed by guanylation gives the fully protected cyclopropyl arginine analogues. The CBZ protecting groups are removed by hydrogenolysis and the OBO by mild acid treatment followed by base hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fishlock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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