1
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Petrakis NM, Harris D, Ellis DY, Haustead D. Assessing the prediction of arterial CO 2 from end tidal CO 2 in adult blunt trauma patients. Injury 2024; 55:111417. [PMID: 38369390 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of PaCO2 in ventilated patients is known to be of particular importance in the management and prognosis of trauma patients. Although EtCO2 is often used as a continuous, non-invasive, surrogate marker for PaCO2 in ventilated trauma patients in the emergency department (ED), previous studies suggest a poor correlation in this cohort. However, previous data has predominantly been collected retrospectively, raising the possibility that the elapsed time between PaCO2 sampling and EtCO2 recording may contribute to the poor correlation. As such this study aimed to analyse the correlation of PaCO2 to EtCO2 in the ventilated blunt trauma patient presenting to the ED through contemporaneous sampling. METHODS This study was conducted as a prospective observational study analysing the near simultaneous recording of EtCO2 and Arterial Blood Gas sampling of ventilated adult trauma patients in the ED of a Level 1 trauma centre over a 12-month period. Data was analysed using linear regression and subgroup analysis by Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) of the Chest. RESULTS Linear regression of EtCO2 vs PaCO2 demonstrated a moderate correlation with r = 0.54 (p < 0.01, n = 51, 95 % CI 0.31-0.71). Subgroup analysis by ISS, revealed a stronger correlation in those with minor ISS (0-11) (r = 0.76, p < 0.01, n = 13, 95 % CI 0.36-0.92) compared to those more severely injured patients (ISS > 15) (r = 0.44, P < 0.01, n = 38, 95 % CI 0.14-0.67). Analysis by AIS Chest demonstrated similar correlation between patients without chest injuries (AIS 0) (r = 0.55, n = 29, p < 0.01, 95 % CI 0.23-0.76) and those with an AIS >1 (r = 0.51, n = 22, p = 0.02, 95 % CI 0.11-0.77). In patients with traumatic head injuries who had an EtCO2 between 30 and 39 mmHg, only 57 % had a measured PaCO2 within 5 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS As patients transition from minor to seriously injured, a decreasing strength of PaCO2 to EtCO2 correlation is observed, decreasing the reliability of EtCO2 as a surrogate marker of PaCO2 in this patient group. This inconsistency cannot be accounted for by the presence of chest injuries and worryingly is frequently seen in those with traumatic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Petrakis
- Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Daniel Harris
- Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Y Ellis
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; MedSTAR Emergency Medical Retrieval, SA Ambulance Service, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Stockham P, Partridge E, Alfred S, Boyle L, Camilleri A, Green H, Haustead D, Humphries M, Kostakis C, Mallon J. Characteristics of analytically confirmed gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) positive patients in the emergency department: presentation, poly-drug use, disposition and impact on intensive care resource utilisation. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2023; 61:241-247. [PMID: 37129222 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2178933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-hydroxybutyrate is a potent central nervous system depressant with a narrow recreational dose window and analytical detection time. We describe data relating to intoxicated patients presenting to emergency departments across metropolitan Adelaide who tested positive for gamma-hydroxybutyrate. This work was part of the Emergency Department Admission Blood Psychoactive Testing study. METHODS Over a 15-month period, patients presenting to four metropolitan emergency departments with symptoms of drug intoxication were enrolled in the study. The methodology involved the collection of demographic and clinical data and a de-identified blood sample which underwent comprehensive toxicological analysis. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate was determined using an acid-catalysed cyclisation followed by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data relating to samples positive for gamma-hydroxybutyrate were examined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 1120 patients were enrolled between March 2019 and May 2020, 309 of whom were positive for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (27.6%). Of these, 256 (83%) were also positive for metamfetamine (methamphetamine). The most common clinical observation in gamma-hydroxybutyrate-positive patients was central nervous system depression (89%). There was a significant relationship between gamma-hydroxybutyrate status and sex; although males outnumbered females in absolute terms, a higher proportion of females (32%) tested positive for gamma-hydroxybutyrate than males (25%, P = 0.0155). Blood gamma-hydroxybutyrate concentrations ranged from 10 to 651 mg/L (0.096-6.2 mmol/L) and increasing gamma-hydroxybutyrate concentration correlated with severe toxicity. The presence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate had a significant impact on the patient discharge destination: the majority (69.2%) of gamma-hydroxybutyrate-positive patients were managed and discharged from the emergency department or their attached short stay wards. A significantly higher proportion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate-positive patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (28.2%) compared with gamma-hydroxybutyrate-negative patients (12.7%, chi-squared = 36.85, P <0 .001). Gamma-hydroxybutyrate positive cases accounted for 45.8% of all study-related intensive care unit admissions. CONCLUSIONS Gamma-hydroxybutyrate is commonly detected in illicit drug-related emergency department presentations and is detected disproportionately in the patient cohort who require intensive care unit level care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stockham
- Forensic Science SA (Toxicology), Adelaide, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Emma Partridge
- Forensic Science SA (Toxicology), Adelaide, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Sam Alfred
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Laura Boyle
- Mathematical Sciences Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Hannah Green
- Emergency Department, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Melissa Humphries
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Jake Mallon
- Emergency Department, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
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3
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Alfred S, Stockham P, Partridge E, Ward A, Green H, Mallon J, Kostakis C, Camilleri A, Haustead D. The South Australian Emergency Department Admission Blood Psychoactive Testing (EDABPT) program: first results. Med J Aust 2023; 218:376-377. [PMID: 36977652 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Alfred
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA
| | - Peter Stockham
- Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, SA
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA
| | - Emma Partridge
- Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, SA
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Haustead
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA
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4
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Stockham P, Partridge E, Alfred S, Green H, Mallon J, Haustead D, Camilleri A, Kostakis C. Characteristics of patients positive for methamphetamine in the emergency department, and the influence of the co-administration of GHB. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.06.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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5
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Jones P, Walker K, Bissett I, Gangathimmaiah V, Honan B, Haustead D, Mitchell R, Mountain D. Should the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine advocate for time-based targets as a quality indicator? A Quality Indicator Critical Appraisal evaluation. Emerg Med Australas 2021; 33:767-768. [PMID: 34275196 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jones
- School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katie Walker
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Bissett
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vinay Gangathimmaiah
- Emergency Department, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bridget Honan
- Central Australian Retrieval Service, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert Mitchell
- Emergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Mountain
- Emergency Department, Sir Charles Gardner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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6
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Jones P, Haustead D, Walker K, Honan B, Gangathimmaiah V, Mitchell R, Bissett I, Forero R, Martini E, Mountain D. Review article: Has the implementation of time-based targets for emergency department length of stay influenced the quality of care for patients? A systematic review of quantitative literature. Emerg Med Australas 2021; 33:398-408. [PMID: 33724685 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Time-based targets (TBTs) for ED stays were introduced to improve quality of care but criticised as having harmful unintended consequences. The aim of the review was to determine whether implementation of TBTs influenced quality of care. Structured searches in medical databases were undertaken (2000-2019). Studies describing a state, regional or national TBTs that reported processes or outcomes of care related to the target were included. Harvest plots were used to summarise the evidence. Thirty-three studies (n = 34 million) were included. In some settings, reductions in mortality were seen in ED, in hospital and at 30 days, while in other settings mortality was unchanged. Mortality reductions were seen in the face of increasing age and acuity of presentations, when short-stay admissions were excluded, and when pre-target temporal trends were accounted for. ED crowding, time to assessment and admission times reduced. Fewer patients left prior to completing their care and fewer patients re-presented to EDs. Short-stay admissions and re-admissions to wards within 30 days increased. There was conflicting evidence regarding hospital occupancy and ward medical emergency calls, while times to treatment for individual conditions did not change. The evidence for associations was mostly low certainty and confidence in the findings is accordingly low. Quality of care generally improved after targets were introduced and when compliance with targets was high. This depended on how targets were implemented at individual sites or within jurisdictions, with important implications for policy makers, health managers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jones
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Katie Walker
- Emergency Department, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget Honan
- Central Australian Retrieval Service, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Vinay Gangathimmaiah
- Emergency Department, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Mitchell
- Emergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Bissett
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roberto Forero
- Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David Mountain
- Emergency Department, Sir Charles Gardner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Haustead D, Toh DJ, Reddi B, Kirkpatrick E, Rowe E, Outhwaite P, Harnack E, Cusack M, Brooks M. Clinical course and care requirements during the 2020 COVID-19 epidemic in South Australia. Med J Aust 2021; 214:471-473. [PMID: 33928650 PMCID: PMC8206960 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Haustead
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA.,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA
| | | | - Benjamin Reddi
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA.,The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
| | | | - Emily Rowe
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA.,The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
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8
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Ngan D, McKeen S, Gun M, Haustead D, Low A, Lorraine B, Bewes J. A pathway for acute chest imaging in suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Med J Aust 2021; 214:299-301.e1. [PMID: 33774825 PMCID: PMC8250921 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Haustead
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA.,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA
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9
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Partridge E, Alfred S, Camilleri A, Green H, Haustead D, Kostakis C, Mallon J, Mason K, Rivers‐Kennedy A, Stockham P. Establishing the protocols for the South Australian Emergency Department Admission Blood Psychoactive Testing (EDABPT) programme for drug surveillance. Emerg Med Australas 2021; 33:883-887. [DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Partridge
- Forensic Science SA Adelaide South Australia Australia
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Sam Alfred
- Emergency Department Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | | | - Hannah Green
- Emergency Department Lyell McEwin Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Emergency Department Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Emergency Department The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | | | - Jake Mallon
- Emergency Department Flinders Medical Centre Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Kerryn Mason
- Forensic Science SA Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - April Rivers‐Kennedy
- Forensic Science SA Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Peter Stockham
- Forensic Science SA Adelaide South Australia Australia
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia
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10
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Walker K, Honan B, Haustead D, Mountain D, Gangathimmaiah V, Forero R, Mitchell R, Martini E, Tesch G, Bissett I, Jones P. Review article: Have emergency department time-based targets influenced patient care? A systematic review of qualitative literature. Emerg Med Australas 2021; 33:202-213. [PMID: 33622021 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Time-based targets for ED length of stay were introduced in England in 2000, followed by the rest of the UK, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia after ED crowding was associated with poor quality of care and increased mortality. This systematic review evaluates qualitative literature to see if ED time-based targets have influenced patient care quality. We included 13 studies from four countries, incorporating 617 interviews. We conclude that time-based targets have impacted on the quality of emergency patient care, both positively and negatively. Successful implementation depends on whole hospital resourcing and engagement with targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Walker
- Emergency Department, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget Honan
- Central Australian Retrieval Service, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Mountain
- Emergency Department, Sir Charles Gardner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vinay Gangathimmaiah
- Emergency Department, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roberto Forero
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rob Mitchell
- Emergency Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Greg Tesch
- Nephrology Department, Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Bissett
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Jones
- School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Harris D, Ellis DY, Gorman D, Foo N, Haustead D. Impact of COVID-19 social restrictions on trauma presentations in South Australia. Emerg Med Australas 2020; 33:152-154. [PMID: 33124718 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the impact of COVID-19 social restrictions on trauma presentations in South Australia. METHODS Retrospective database review. RESULTS During the period of social restrictions, there was a reduction in presentations of trauma and major trauma by 17% and 33%, respectively. The reduction in presentation rates was due to a large decrease in those aged over 40, with an increase in presentations in those younger than 40. Review by mechanism and location of injury revealed a reduction in road trauma, yet an increase in pedestrian trauma and trauma at home. CONCLUSION Social restrictions alter the characteristics of trauma presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harris
- Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Y Ellis
- Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,MedSTAR Emergency Medical Retrieval, SA Ambulance Service, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Gorman
- Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ngee Foo
- Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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12
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McEwan S, Haustead D. Guillain‐Barré
syndrome variants: An unusual cause of subjective tongue swelling. Emerg Med Australas 2020; 32:896-898. [DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart McEwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine Port Augusta Hospital Port Augusta South Australia Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Department of Emergency Medicine Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Adelaide South Australia Australia
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13
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Lightfoot J, Harris D, Haustead D. Challenge of managing patients with COVID-19 and acute behavioural disturbances. Emerg Med Australas 2020; 32:714-715. [PMID: 32319209 PMCID: PMC7264723 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lightfoot
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, South Eastern Division, Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Harris
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Trauma Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Haustead
- Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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