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Henry SP, Arfvidsson C, Arrington J, Canadi J, Crowe D, Gupta S, Lohmann S, Massonnet B, Mytych D, Rogers T, Rogers H, Stebbins C, Stovold C, Verthelyi D, Vigil A, Xuan C, Xu Y, Yu R, Klem T. Assessment of the Immunogenicity Potential for Oligonucleotide-Based Drugs. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:369-377. [PMID: 36178478 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) have characteristics of both small molecules and biologics. Although safety assessment of ONs largely follows guidelines established for small molecules, the unique characteristics of ONs often require incorporation of concepts from the safety assessment of biologics. The assessment of immunogenicity for ON therapeutics is one area where the approach is distinct from either established small molecule or biologic platforms. Information regarding immunogenicity of ONs is limited, but indicates that administration of ONs can result in antidrug antibody formation. In this study, we summarize the collective experience of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group in designing the immunogenicity assessment appropriate for this class of therapeutic, including advice on assay development, clinical monitoring, and evaluation of the impact of immunogenicity on exposure, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic ONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Henry
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dave Crowe
- Disc Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sabine Lohmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Vigil
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Chi Xuan
- Alnylam, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosie Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Thomas Klem
- Homology Medicines, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA (formerly with Sarepta Therapeutics Headquarters, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)
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Gow JM, Tsuji WH, Williams GJ, Mytych D, Sciberras D, Searle SL, Mant T, Gibbs JP. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of AMG 403, a human anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody, in two phase I studies with healthy volunteers and knee osteoarthritis subjects. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:282. [PMID: 26449617 PMCID: PMC4599327 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nerve growth factor plays a key role in the pathology of osteoarthritis (OA) related chronic pain. The aim of these studies was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and clinical response of AMG 403, a human anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody, in healthy volunteers and subjects with knee OA. METHODS Two phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies were conducted. The single-ascending dose study randomized healthy volunteers (n = 48) 3:1 to receive AMG 403 (1, 3, 10, or 30 mg intravenously; or 10 or 30 mg subcutaneously; n = 8 per group) or placebo. The multiple-ascending dose study randomized knee OA subjects (n = 18) 3:1 to receive AMG 403 (3, 10, or 20 mg subcutaneously once monthly for four doses) or placebo. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) were assessed for both studies. Patient's and physician's disease assessments and total WOMAC score were determined in knee OA subjects. RESULTS AMG 403 appeared to be well-tolerated after single and multiple doses, except for subject-reported hyperesthesia, pain, and paresthesia (mild to moderate severity). These treatment-emergent neurosensory events showed evidence of reversibility and a possible dose-dependence. Three serious adverse events were reported in AMG 403 treated subjects, but were not considered treatment related. AMG 403 PK was linear with an estimated half-life of 19.6 to 25.8 days. After multiple doses, AMG 403 PK showed modest accumulation (≤2.4-fold increase) in systemic exposure. Knee OA diagnosis, body weight, and anti-drug antibody development did not appear to affect AMG 403 PK. Patient's and physician's disease assessments and total WOMAC score showed improvement in AMG 403 treated knee OA subjects compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS AMG 403 was generally safe and well-tolerated in both healthy volunteers and knee OA patients, and exhibited linear pharmacokinetics. Preliminary clinical efficacy was observed in knee OA subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02348879 . Registered 23 December 2014. Clintrials.gov NCT02318407 . Registered 2 December 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Gow
- Amgen, Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119, USA.
| | - Wayne H Tsuji
- Amgen, Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119, USA.
| | - Gary J Williams
- Amgen, Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA. .,Quest Diagnostics, Inc, 1311 Calle Batido, San Clemente, CA, 92673, USA.
| | - Daniel Mytych
- Amgen, Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
| | - David Sciberras
- Amgen Limited, 240 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WD, UK.
| | - Shawn L Searle
- PRA Health Sciences, 3838 South 700 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84106, USA.
| | - Tim Mant
- Quintiles Drug Research Unit at Guy's Hospital, 6 Newcomen Street, London, SE1 1YR, UK.
| | - John P Gibbs
- Amgen, Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
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Driscoll RO, Zhou L, Moxness M, Mytych D, Chirmule N, Jawa V. Statistical and bioanalytical considerations for establishing a depletion criterion for specificity testing during immunogenicity assessment of a biotherapeutic. AAPS J 2013; 15:1160-7. [PMID: 23990502 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity assessment of fully human monoclonal antibody-based biotherapeutics requires sensitive and specific ligand binding assays. One of the components of specificity is the depletion of signal by a relevant biotherapeutic that is commonly based on an arbitrary depletion criterion of inhibition of the original response or reduction of the signal below the screening assay cut point (ACP). Hence, there is a need to develop a statistically derived physiologically relevant specificity criterion. We illustrate an optimization approach to determine the concentration of biotherapeutic required for the specificity evaluation. Naïve donor sample sets with and without circulating drug and antitherapeutic/drug antibody (ADA) were prepared. Next, a depletion cut point (DCP) using naïve and ADA-containing donor sets with the optimized biotherapeutic concentration was evaluated. A statistically derived design of experiment was used to establish a validated DCP. A reliable DCP requires naïve (no ADA) donors treated only with an optimized concentration of biotherapeutic. The additional DCPs generated using two distinct concentrations of ADA-spiked sample sets led to a physiologically irrelevant criterion that was not necessarily representative of real-time samples. This increased the risk of false positives or negatives. In this study, well-defined bioanalytical and statistical methods were employed to validate a DCP to confirm the presence of biotherapeutic specific ADA in human serum samples. A physiologically relevant and effective strategy to confirm specificity in immune reactive samples, especially those that are close to the ACP, is proposed through this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Driscoll
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, 30E-3-C, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
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Davis K, Barger T, Mytych D, Swanson S, Goletz T, Wrona D. 232-P Validation of a cytometric bead array (CBA) assay to detect anti-erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) antibodies to support diagnostic testing and pharmacovigilance. Hum Immunol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sanchez S, Barger T, Zhou L, Hale M, Mytych D, Gupta S, Swanson SJ, Civoli F. Strategy to confirm the presence of anti-erythropoietin neutralizing antibodies in human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:1265-74. [PMID: 21497040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional cell-based assays are the preferred method to test for the presence of anti-rHuEPO neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). However, due to the unpredictable nature of test serum matrix effects on cell-based assays, confirmatory assays are essential for verifying NAb positive results observed during the course of sample testing. The cell-based assay used for the detection of NAbs described by Wei et al. [1] used 32D-EPOR cells, a murine myeloid cell line transfected with the human EPO receptor (EPOR). The 32D-EPOR cell line responded to either rHuEPO or murine interleukin 3 (mIL-3) with proliferation. NAbs were expected to only inhibit rHuEPO-induced cell proliferation and not mIL-3 induced proliferation. Due to reliance on proliferation, the results from this cell-based assay can be confounded by the presence of non-antibody inhibitory serum factors. This paper describes a strategy for confirming that the inhibition of rHuEPO-induced proliferation in a cell-based assay is only attributable to NAbs. The strategy of antibody depletion uses a resin mixture composed of Protein G Sepharose and Protein L Sepharose (Protein G/L resin) to significantly reduce the concentration of immunoglobulins of IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes from human serum prior to testing in the cell-based assay. If the reduction in immunoglobulins in a serum sample corresponds to a reduction in inhibition of EPO-induced proliferation, it would infer that EPO neutralizing activity is antibody-mediated and not due to non-antibody inhibitory serum factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Jawa V, Mytych D, Moxness M, Zhong D, Swanson S, Chirmule N, Goletz T. Correlation of in silico prediction of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins with immune responses in clinical studies. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jawa
- Clinical ImmunologyAmgen Inc.Thousand OaksCA
| | | | | | - Don Zhong
- Clinical ImmunologyAmgen Inc.Thousand OaksCA
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Hokom MM, Jawa V, Mytych D, Swanson S. Assessment of Immunogenicity of a Peptibody Based Protein Therapeutic Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance based Biosensor Immunoassay using a Biacore 3000 (132.7). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.132.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Administration of therapeutic biologic products is often accompanied by an unwanted immune response that requires monitoring. We used a BIAcore based biosensor immunoassay that can detect antibodies against a peptibody protein-based therapeutic and its peptide domain.. The development and validation of the multi-flow cell surface plasmon resonance based technology is described in this presentation. The biosensor immunoassay measures the interaction of serum antibodies to immobilized ligands in real time. This binding interaction is further confirmed to be the result of an antibody by the use of species-specific secondary antibodies (anti-F(ab)’2) to detect the bound antibodies. The binding is further characterized by a competition step using the soluble drug. The fully validated assay has a limit of detection of 50ng/mL and 200 ng/mL for the peptibody and the peptide respectively, and a limit of quantification of 400 and 800 ng/mL respectively.
In summary, we developed and validated a sensitive and robust biosensor immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against a peptibody based drug that meets the requirements necessary to support the clinical development of this therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Hokom
- 1Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, 30E-3-C, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320-1799,
| | - Vibha Jawa
- 2Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, 30E-3-B, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320-1799
| | - Daniel Mytych
- 2Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, 30E-3-B, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320-1799
| | - Steve Swanson
- 2Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, 30E-3-B, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320-1799
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Koren E, Mytych D, Koscec M, Ferbas J, Gupta S, Moxness M, Swanson S. Strategies for the preclinical and clinical characterization of immunogenicity. Dev Biol (Basel) 2005; 122:195-200. [PMID: 16375262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Koren
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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Swanson SJ, Mytych D, Ferbas J. Use of biosensors to monitor the immune response. Dev Biol (Basel) 2003; 109:71-8. [PMID: 12434915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosensor instruments, such as the BIACORE, are gaining popularity for analysing serum samples for the presence of antibodies. These instruments offer several advantages in the detection and subsequent characterization of clinically relevant antibodies generated in response to administration of therapeutic proteins. Much like other common immunoassay platforms, immobilized ligand is used to capture antibodies. Unlike conventional approaches, the ligand is immobilized to the surface of a biosensor chip, with detection based upon surface plasmon resonance. This assay platform, therefore, does not require reporter molecules such as enzymes, fluorochromes or radioisotopes that are common to conventional immunoassay methodologies. Additional desirable features of the biosensor platform include real-time detection of the binding of antibody to ligand (for kinetic measurements) as well as straightforward characterization of antibody isotype, specificity and relative concentration. This is all performed with minimum serum requirements (typically 10 microlitres per sample analysed) in a fully automated environment. The unique features of the biosensor instrument warrant that these assays are referred to as biosensor immunoassays to clearly distinguish them from more conventional immunoassay methodologies, such as ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Swanson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.
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Mason S, La S, Mytych D, Swanson SJ, Ferbas J. Validation of the BIACORE 3000 platform for detection of antibodies against erythropoietic agents in human serum samples. Curr Med Res Opin 2003; 19:651-9. [PMID: 14606989 DOI: 10.1185/030079903125002414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a validated BIACORE immunoassay for the detection and characterization of serum antibodies with specificity for erythropoietic molecules (e.g. darbepoetin alfa). METHODS New Zealand White rabbits (n = 8) were immunized by an intramuscular injection of darbepoetin alfa/adjuvant at 0, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Serum was collected for 6 weeks after final injection and pooled for affinity purification. Antibody immunoassay measurements were performed using a BIACORE 3000 with darbepoetin alfa immobilized to the biosensor surface. Human serum samples were spiked with the affinity-purified rabbit antibody to develop and validate the BIACORE immunoassay. RESULTS The assay was shown to be stable through 180 sample/regeneration cycles and had a threshold of 45.8 response units. The validated limit of detection was 0.40 microg/ml in 100% human serum. The method was robust, with variability not exceeding a 20% coefficient of variation, well within acceptable limits for typical immunoassays. CONCLUSION All protein-based therapeutics have a potential for immunogenicity, and antibodies raised against these molecules may have important clinical sequelae. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are challenged to address this potential by developing robust analytical platforms to detect and characterize antibodies directed against therapeutic proteins in clinical specimens. Traditionally, radioimmune precipitation assays and/or enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) are used for primary detection of host immune response; however, the BIACORE platform may be better suited for this purpose in many instances. This platform represents a robust tool that should be considered for the detection and characterization of antibodies directed against protein-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mason
- Clinical Immunology Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Swanson SJ, Jacobs SJ, Mytych D, Shah C, Indelicato SR, Bordens RW. Applications for the new electrochemiluminescent (ECL) and biosensor technologies. Dev Biol Stand 1999; 97:135-47. [PMID: 10463539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Biosensor and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) assays are replacing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) at Schering-Plough as immunoassays of choice to monitor cytokine levels and detect anti-cytokine antibody responses during cytokine therapy. These new assays provide increased sensitivity and a better correlation with biological assays. Biosensor assays using the BIACORE 2000 (BIACORE, Uppsala, Sweden) are being adopted to support preclinical and clinical trials for the detection of antibodies capable of binding to IL-10 and IL-4. Significant advantages when using a biosensor assay are that real-time and label-free detection permit increased throughput and direct detection of binding interactions which enables detection of low affinity antibodies that are not detected by ELISA. The ECL assays using the ORIGEN Analyser (IGEN, Gaithersburg, MD) that we have implemented to replace existing ELISAs for quantification of serum IL-10 and serum interferon alfa levels are more sensitive and less subject to matrix effects. Data obtained during the validation of these assays are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Swanson
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Wong RL, Mytych D, Jacobs S, Bordens R, Swanson SJ. Validation parameters for a novel biosensor assay which simultaneously measures serum concentrations of a humanized monoclonal antibody and detects induced antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1997; 209:1-15. [PMID: 9448029 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(97)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This report documents the validation of an assay using BIAcore 2000 that, with a single injection of mouse serum, allows the quantitation of a humanized monoclonal antibody and can also detect the presence of antibodies directed against this humanized antibody. The important components required for the validation of biosensor assays including precision, accuracy, linearity, stability of the immobilized ligand, specificity and sensitivity are addressed. The tandem assay that is used as a model for biosensor validations is accomplished by flowing each sample across the surface of two flowcells in sequence. The first flowcell has the antigen that the humanized mAb was generated against immobilized while the humanized mAb itself is immobilized on the second flowcell. The quantitation component of this assay is precise and accurate with a limit of quantitation of 1 microg/ml in mouse serum samples. Any antibodies directed against the humanized mAb can be detected and also characterized as to isotype. This unique assay can be performed with as little as 10 microl of serum which is then diluted ten-fold prior to analysis. The small sample requirement allows analysis of individual mouse serum samples rather than requiring the use of pooled samples from multiple mice. A further advantage of this assay is the automation capability which allows unattended operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wong
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, MS K-15 / 2700, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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