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Cilloniz C, Motos A, Pericàs JM, Castañeda TG, Gabarrús A, Ferrer R, García-Gasulla D, Peñuelas O, de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Fernandez-Barat L, Barbé F, Torres A. Risk factors associated with mortality among elderly patients with COVID-19: Data from 55 intensive care units in Spain. Pulmonology 2023; 29:362-374. [PMID: 36906462 PMCID: PMC9935281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Critically-ill elderly ICU patients with COVID-19 have poor outcomes. We aimed to compare the rates of in-hospital mortality between non-elderly and elderly critically-ill COVID-19 ventilated patients, as well as to analyze the characteristics, secondary outcomes and independent risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality of elderly ventilated patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a multicentre, observational cohort study including consecutive critically-ill patients admitted to 55 Spanish ICUs due to severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation (non-invasive respiratory support [NIRS; include non-invasive mechanical ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula] and invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV]) between February 2020 and October 2021. RESULTS Out of 5,090 critically-ill ventilated patients, 1,525 (27%) were aged ≥70 years (554 [36%] received NIRS and 971 [64%] received IMV. In the elderly group, median age was 74 years (interquartile range 72-77) and 68% were male. Overall in-hospital mortality was 31% (23% in patients <70 years and 50% in those ≥70 years; p<0.001). In-hospital mortality in the group ≥70 years significantly varied according to the modality of ventilation (40% in NIRS vs. 55% in IMV group; p<0.001). Factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality in elderly ventilated patients were age (sHR 1.07 [95%CI 1.05-1.10], p<0.001); previous admission within the last 30 days (sHR 1.40 [95%CI 1.04-1.89], p = 0.027); chronic heart disease (sHR 1.21 [95%CI 1.01-1.44], p = 0.041); chronic renal failure (sHR 1.43 [95%CI 1.12- 1.82], p = 0.005); platelet count (sHR 0.98 [95% CI 0.98-0.99], p<0.001); IMV at ICU admission (sHR 1.41 [95% CI 1.16- 1.73], p<0.001); and systemic steroids (sHR 0.61 [95%CI 0.48- 0.77], p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Amongst critically-ill COVID-19 ventilated patients, those aged ≥70 years presented significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality than younger patients. Increasing age, previous admission within the last 30 days, chronic heart disease, chronic renal failure, platelet count, IMV at ICU admission and systemic steroids (protective) all comprised independent factors for in-hospital mortality in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cilloniz
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Perú.
| | - A Motos
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Pericàs
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T G Castañeda
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gabarrús
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Ferrer
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - O Peñuelas
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid; Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - D de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitari Aranu de Vilanova and Santa Maria; IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - L Fernandez-Barat
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Barbé
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitari Aranu de Vilanova and Santa Maria; IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - A Torres
- Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Riera J, Barbeta E, Tormos A, Mellado-Artigas R, Ceccato A, Motos A, Fernández-Barat L, Ferrer R, García-Gasulla D, Peñuelas O, Lorente JÁ, Menéndez R, Roca O, Palomeque A, Ferrando C, Solé-Violán J, Novo M, Boado MV, Tamayo L, Estella Á, Galban C, Trenado J, Huerta A, Loza A, Aguilera L, García Garmendia JL, Barberà C, Gumucio V, Socias L, Franco N, Valdivia LJ, Vidal P, Sagredo V, Ruiz-García ÁL, Martínez Varela I, López J, Pozo JC, Nieto M, Gómez JM, Blandino A, Valledor M, Bustamante-Munguira E, Sánchez-Miralles Á, Peñasco Y, Barberán J, Ubeda A, Amaya-Villar R, Martín MC, Jorge R, Caballero J, Marin J, Añón JM, Suárez Sipmann F, Albaiceta GM, Castellanos-Ortega Á, Adell-Serrano B, Catalán M, Martínez de la Gándara A, Ricart P, Carbajales C, Rodríguez A, Díaz E, de la Torre MC, Gallego E, Cantón-Bulnes L, Carbonell N, González J, de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Barbé F, Torres A. Effects of intubation timing in patients with COVID-19 throughout the four waves of the pandemic: a matched analysis. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:13993003.01426-2022. [PMID: 36396142 PMCID: PMC9686319 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01426-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of our study was to investigate the association between intubation timing and hospital mortality in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated respiratory failure. We also analysed both the impact of such timing throughout the first four pandemic waves and the influence of prior noninvasive respiratory support on outcomes. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre, observational and prospective cohort study that included all consecutive patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 from across 58 Spanish intensive care units (ICUs) participating in the CIBERESUCICOVID project. The study period was between 29 February 2020 and 31 August 2021. Early intubation was defined as that occurring within the first 24 h of ICU admission. Propensity score matching was used to achieve a balance across baseline variables between the early intubation cohort and those patients who were intubated after the first 24 h of ICU admission. Differences in outcomes between early and delayed intubation were also assessed. We performed sensitivity analyses to consider a different time-point (48 h from ICU admission) for early and delayed intubation. RESULTS Of the 2725 patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation, a total of 614 matched patients were included in the analysis (307 for each group). In the unmatched population, there were no differences in mortality between the early and delayed groups. After propensity score matching, patients with delayed intubation presented higher hospital mortality (27.3% versus 37.1%; p=0.01), ICU mortality (25.7% versus 36.1%; p=0.007) and 90-day mortality (30.9% versus 40.2%; p=0.02) compared with the early intubation group. Very similar findings were observed when we used a 48-h time-point for early or delayed intubation. The use of early intubation decreased after the first wave of the pandemic (72%, 49%, 46% and 45% in the first, second, third and fourth waves, respectively; first versus second, third and fourth waves p<0.001). In both the main and sensitivity analyses, hospital mortality was lower in patients receiving high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) (n=294) who were intubated earlier. The subgroup of patients undergoing noninvasive ventilation (n=214) before intubation showed higher mortality when delayed intubation was set as that occurring after 48 h from ICU admission, but not when after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS In patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, delayed intubation was associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality. The use of early intubation significantly decreased throughout the course of the pandemic. Benefits of such an approach occurred more notably in patients who had received HFNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Riera
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, SODIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Enric Barbeta
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Adrián Tormos
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Mellado-Artigas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Ceccato
- Critical Care Center, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Sabadell, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Motos
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Fernández-Barat
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Ferrer
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, SODIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Peñuelas
- Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosario Menéndez
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oriol Roca
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, SODIR, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Palomeque
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ferrando
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Dr Negrín Gran Canaria, Universidad Fernando Pessoa, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mariana Novo
- Servei de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Luis Tamayo
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel Estella
- Departamento Medicina, Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Galban
- Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Josep Trenado
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Arturo Huerta
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Emergency Department, Clínica Sagrada Família, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Loza
- Hospital Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Víctor Gumucio
- Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Socias
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Vidal
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Ángela Leonor Ruiz-García
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan López
- Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Pozo
- UGC-Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Instituto Maimonides IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maite Nieto
- Hospital Universitario de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
| | - José M Gómez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aaron Blandino
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ángel Sánchez-Miralles
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Yhivian Peñasco
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - José Barberán
- Hospital Universitario HM Montepríncipe, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ubeda
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Punta de Europa, Algeciras, Spain
| | - Rosario Amaya-Villar
- Intensive Care Clinical Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Cruz Martín
- Hospital Universitario Torrejón, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Jorge
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Nuestra Señora de Gracia, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Caballero
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Judith Marin
- Critical Care Department, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Guillermo M Albaiceta
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - Mercedes Catalán
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Ricart
- Servei de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Emili Díaz
- Critical Care Center, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Sabadell, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elena Gallego
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Carbonell
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico y Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jessica González
- Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitari Aranu de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitari Aranu de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ferran Barbé
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitari Aranu de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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