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Voshart DC, Klaver M, Jiang Y, van Weering HRJ, van Buuren-Broek F, van der Linden GP, Cinat D, Kiewiet HH, Malimban J, Vazquez-Matias DA, Reali Nazario L, Scholma AC, Sewdihal J, van Goethem MJ, van Luijk P, Coppes RP, Barazzuol L. Proton therapy induces a local microglial neuroimmune response. Radiother Oncol 2024; 193:110117. [PMID: 38453539 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although proton therapy is increasingly being used in the treatment of paediatric and adult brain tumours, there are still uncertainties surrounding the biological effect of protons on the normal brain. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have been shown to play a role in the development of radiation-induced neurotoxicity. However, their molecular and hence functional response to proton irradiation remains unknown. This study investigates the effect of protons on microglia by comparing the effect of photons and protons as well as the influence of age and different irradiated volumes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were irradiated with 14 Gy to the whole brain with photons (X-rays), plateau protons, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) protons or to 50 % anterior, or 50 % posterior brain sub-volumes with plateau protons. RNA sequencing, validation of microglial priming gene expression using qPCR and high-content imaging analysis of microglial morphology were performed in the cortex at 12 weeks post irradiation. RESULTS Photons and plateau protons induced a shared transcriptomic response associated with neuroinflammation. This response was associated with a similar microglial priming gene expression signature and distribution of microglial morphologies. Expression of the priming gene signature was less pronounced in juvenile rats compared to adults and slightly increased in rats irradiated with SOBP protons. High-precision partial brain irradiation with protons induced a local microglial priming response and morphological changes. CONCLUSION Overall, our data indicate that the brain responds in a similar manner to photons and plateau protons with a shared local upregulation of microglial priming-associated genes, potentially enhancing the immune response to subsequent inflammatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle C Voshart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Klaver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Hilmar R J van Weering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur van Buuren-Broek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon P van der Linden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Cinat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Harry H Kiewiet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, PARTREC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Justin Malimban
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel A Vazquez-Matias
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Luiza Reali Nazario
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Ayla C Scholma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Sewdihal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Jan van Goethem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, PARTREC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands.
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2
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Cinat D, Souza ALD, Soto-Gamez A, Jellema-de Bruin AL, Coppes RP, Barazzuol L. Mitophagy induction improves salivary gland stem/progenitor cell function by reducing senescence after irradiation. Radiother Oncol 2024; 190:110028. [PMID: 38007043 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer often experience a decline in their quality of life due to the co-irradiation of salivary glands. Radiation-induced cellular senescence is a key factor contributing to salivary gland dysfunction. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence have been reported to be strongly interconnected and thus implicated in several aging-related diseases. This study aims to investigate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in senescence induction in salivary gland stem/progenitor cells after irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A dose of 7 Gy photons was used to irradiate mouse salivary gland organoids. Senescent markers and mitochondrial function were assessed using rt-qPCR, western blot analysis, SA-β-Gal staining and flow cytometry analysis. Mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins were detected by western blot analysis while Mdivi-1 and MFI8 were used to modulate the mitochondrial fission process. To induce mitophagy, organoids were treated with Urolithin A and PMI and subsequently stem/progenitor cell self-renewal capacity was assessed as organoid forming efficiency. RESULTS Irradiation led to increased senescence and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. This was accompanied by a strong downregulation of mitochondrial fission-related proteins and mitophagy-related genes. After irradiation, treatment with the mitophagy inducer Urolithin A attenuated the senescent phenotype and improved organoid growth and stem/progenitor cell self-renewal capacity. CONCLUSION This study shows the important interplay between senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction after irradiation. Importantly, activation of mitophagy improved salivary gland stem/progenitor cell function thereby providing a novel therapeutic strategy to restore the regenerative capacity of salivary glands following irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cinat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Lena De Souza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Abel Soto-Gamez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne L Jellema-de Bruin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Rocchi C, Cinat D, Serrano Martinez P, Bruin ALJD, Baanstra M, Brouwer U, Del Angel Zuivre C, Schepers H, van Os R, Barazzuol L, Coppes RP. The Hippo signaling pathway effector YAP promotes salivary gland regeneration after injury. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabk0599. [PMID: 34874744 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abk0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rocchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
| | - Davide Cinat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
| | - Paola Serrano Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
| | - Anne L Jellema-de Bruin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
| | - Uilke Brouwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
| | - Cinthya Del Angel Zuivre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Hein Schepers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Os
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
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Cinat D, Coppes RP, Barazzuol L. DNA Damage-Induced Inflammatory Microenvironment and Adult Stem Cell Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:729136. [PMID: 34692684 PMCID: PMC8531638 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.729136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells ensure tissue homeostasis and regeneration after injury. Due to their longevity and functional requirements, throughout their life stem cells are subject to a significant amount of DNA damage. Genotoxic stress has recently been shown to trigger a cascade of cell- and non-cell autonomous inflammatory signaling pathways, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory factors and an increase in the amount of infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of how DNA damage by affecting the microenvironment of stem cells present in adult tissues and neoplasms can affect their maintenance and long-term function. We first focus on the importance of self-DNA sensing in immunity activation, inflammation and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors mediated by activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, the ZBP1 pathogen sensor, the AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Alongside cytosolic DNA, the emerging roles of cytosolic double-stranded RNA and mitochondrial DNA are discussed. The DNA damage response can also initiate mechanisms to limit division of damaged stem/progenitor cells by inducing a permanent state of cell cycle arrest, known as senescence. Persistent DNA damage triggers senescent cells to secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, which can act as strong immune modulators. Altogether these DNA damage-mediated immunomodulatory responses have been shown to affect the homeostasis of tissue-specific stem cells leading to degenerative conditions. Conversely, the release of specific cytokines can also positively impact tissue-specific stem cell plasticity and regeneration in addition to enhancing the activity of cancer stem cells thereby driving tumor progression. Further mechanistic understanding of the DNA damage-induced immunomodulatory response on the stem cell microenvironment might shed light on age-related diseases and cancer, and potentially inform novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cinat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Cinat D, Barazzuol L, Coppes R. OC-0187 Effects of proton vs photon irradiation on inflammation and senescence in salivary gland organoids. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)06802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Serrano Martinez P, Cinat D, van Luijk P, Baanstra M, de Haan G, Pringle S, Coppes RP. Mouse parotid salivary gland organoids for the in vitro study of stem cell radiation response. Oral Dis 2020; 27:52-63. [PMID: 32531849 PMCID: PMC7818507 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyposalivation-related xerostomia is an irreversible, untreatable, and frequent condition after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Stem cell therapy is an attractive option of treatment, but demands knowledge of stem cell functioning. Therefore, we aimed to develop a murine parotid gland organoid model to explore radiation response of stem cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single cells derived from murine parotid gland organoids were passaged in Matrigel with defined medium to assess self-renewal and differentiation potential. Single cells were irradiated and plated in a 3D clonogenic stem cell survival assay to assess submandibular and parotid gland radiation response. RESULTS Single cells derived from parotid gland organoids were able to extensively self-renew and differentiate into all major tissue cell types, indicating the presence of potential stem cells. FACS selection for known salivary gland stem cell markers CD24/CD29 did not further enrich for stem cells. The parotid gland organoid-derived stem cells displayed radiation dose-response curves similar to the submandibular gland. CONCLUSIONS Murine parotid gland organoids harbor stem cells with long-term expansion and differentiation potential. This model is useful for mechanistic studies of stem cell radiation response and suggests similar radiosensitivity for the parotid and submandibular gland organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Serrano Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Cinat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald de Haan
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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