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Cartier S, Kagias M, Bergamaschi A, Wang Z, Dinapoli R, Mozzanica A, Ramilli M, Schmitt B, Brückner M, Fröjdh E, Greiffenberg D, Mayilyan D, Mezza D, Redford S, Ruder C, Schädler L, Shi X, Thattil D, Tinti G, Zhang J, Stampanoni M. Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G 2-less grating interferometry. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:1462-1473. [PMID: 27787252 PMCID: PMC5082464 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516014788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MÖNCH is a 25 µm-pitch charge-integrating detector aimed at exploring the limits of current hybrid silicon detector technology. The small pixel size makes it ideal for high-resolution imaging. With an electronic noise of about 110 eV r.m.s., it opens new perspectives for many synchrotron applications where currently the detector is the limiting factor, e.g. inelastic X-ray scattering, Laue diffraction and soft X-ray or high-resolution color imaging. Due to the small pixel pitch, the charge cloud generated by absorbed X-rays is shared between neighboring pixels for most of the photons. Therefore, at low photon fluxes, interpolation algorithms can be applied to determine the absorption position of each photon with a resolution of the order of 1 µm. In this work, the characterization results of one of the MÖNCH prototypes are presented under low-flux conditions. A custom interpolation algorithm is described and applied to the data to obtain high-resolution images. Images obtained in grating interferometry experiments without the use of the absorption grating G2 are shown and discussed. Perspectives for the future developments of the MÖNCH detector are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matias Kagias
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Zhentian Wang
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marco Ramilli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Erik Fröjdh
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Davide Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Xintian Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Gemma Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jiaguo Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Jungmann-Smith JH, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Huthwelker T, Maliakal D, Mayilyan D, Medjoubi K, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Ramilli M, Ruder C, Schädler L, Schmitt B, Shi X, Tinti G. Towards hybrid pixel detectors for energy-dispersive or soft X-ray photon science. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:385-94. [PMID: 26917124 PMCID: PMC5297903 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515023541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications at free-electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. The JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype presented here is specifically geared towards low-noise performance and hence soft X-ray detection. The design, geometry and readout architecture of JUNGFRAU 0.4 correspond to those of other JUNGFRAU pixel detectors, which are charge-integrating detectors with 75 µm × 75 µm pixels. Main characteristics of JUNGFRAU 0.4 are its fixed gain and r.m.s. noise of as low as 27 e(-) electronic noise charge (<100 eV) with no active cooling. The 48 × 48 pixels JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype can be combined with a charge-sharing suppression mask directly placed on the sensor, which keeps photons from hitting the charge-sharing regions of the pixels. The mask consists of a 150 µm tungsten sheet, in which 28 µm-diameter holes are laser-drilled. The mask is aligned with the pixels. The noise and gain characterization, and single-photon detection as low as 1.2 keV are shown. The performance of JUNGFRAU 0.4 without the mask and also in the charge-sharing suppression configuration (with the mask, with a `software mask' or a `cluster finding' algorithm) is tested, compared and evaluated, in particular with respect to the removal of the charge-sharing contribution in the spectra, the detection efficiency and the photon rate capability. Energy-dispersive and imaging experiments with fluorescence X-ray irradiation from an X-ray tube and a synchrotron light source are successfully demonstrated with an r.m.s. energy resolution of 20% (no mask) and 14% (with the mask) at 1.2 keV and of 5% at 13.3 keV. The performance evaluation of the JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype suggests that this detection system could be the starting point for a future detector development effort for either applications in the soft X-ray energy regime or for an energy-dispersive detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Brückner
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S. Cartier
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETHZ, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R. Dinapoli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - T. Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D. Maliakal
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D. Mayilyan
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - K. Medjoubi
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint-Aubin, 91192 GIF-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D. Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A. Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M. Ramilli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ch. Ruder
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L. Schädler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B. Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - X. Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - G. Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Jungmann-Smith JH, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Jaggi A, Maliakal D, Mayilyan D, Medjoubi K, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Ramilli M, Ruder C, Schädler L, Schmitt B, Shi X, Tinti G. Radiation hardness assessment of the charge-integrating hybrid pixel detector JUNGFRAU 1.0 for photon science. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:123110. [PMID: 26724009 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications in free electron lasers, particularly SwissFEL, and synchrotron light sources. JUNGFRAU is an automatic gain switching, charge-integrating detector which covers a dynamic range of more than 10(4) photons of an energy of 12 keV with a good linearity, uniformity of response, and spatial resolving power. The JUNGFRAU 1.0 application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) features a 256 × 256 pixel matrix of 75 × 75 μm(2) pixels and is bump-bonded to a 320 μm thick Si sensor. Modules of 2 × 4 chips cover an area of about 4 × 8 cm(2). Readout rates in excess of 2 kHz enable linear count rate capabilities of 20 MHz (at 12 keV) and 50 MHz (at 5 keV). The tolerance of JUNGFRAU to radiation is a key issue to guarantee several years of operation at free electron lasers and synchrotrons. The radiation hardness of JUNGFRAU 1.0 is tested with synchrotron radiation up to 10 MGy of delivered dose. The effect of radiation-induced changes on the noise, baseline, gain, and gain switching is evaluated post-irradiation for both the ASIC and the hybridized assembly. The bare JUNGFRAU 1.0 chip can withstand doses as high as 10 MGy with minor changes to its noise and a reduction in the preamplifier gain. The hybridized assembly, in particular the sensor, is affected by the photon irradiation which mainly shows as an increase in the leakage current. Self-healing of the system is investigated during a period of 11 weeks after the delivery of the radiation dose. Annealing radiation-induced changes by bake-out at 100 °C is investigated. It is concluded that the JUNGFRAU 1.0 pixel is sufficiently radiation-hard for its envisioned applications at SwissFEL and synchrotron beam lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Bergamaschi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Brückner
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Cartier
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Dinapoli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - A Jaggi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Maliakal
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Mayilyan
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - K Medjoubi
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP 48, 91192 GIF-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Ramilli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ch Ruder
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L Schädler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - X Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - G Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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