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Ibrahim DR, Saadi AT, Yahya NB, Ibrahim MS, Saeed AY, Abdulaziz SS, Hasqyal RY, Alarsalani BK, Ibrahim KS. Retrospective analysis of pediatric sepsis and the burden of antimicrobial resistance in Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1347832. [PMID: 38469402 PMCID: PMC10925647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1347832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sepsis is a life-threatening complication in pediatric patients. This study primarily aimed to investigate sepsis-causing bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance profile and check the change in the antimicrobial resistance trend for some selected bacteria. In addition, we evaluated the incidence of sepsis, the related mortality rate, and the effectiveness and outcome of the treatment regimes in sepsis pediatric patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 4-year data (2018-2021) collected from three intensive care units at the Hevi Pediatric Teaching Hospital. Sepsis screening involved clinical detection and confirmation by blood culture. Results: A total of 520 out of 1,098 (47.35%) blood samples showed positive microbial growth. A decrease in sepsis rate was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and Klebsiella pneumonia were the most commonly isolated bacteria. A notable variation in the antimicrobial resistance trend was observed among sepsis-causing bacteria. The empirical sepsis treatment recommended by the WHO was ineffective, as certain bacteria exhibited 100% resistance to every antibiotic tested. The mortality rate significantly increased from 1.3% in 2018 to 16.5% in 2021. Discussion: The antimicrobial resistance profile of sepsis causing bacteria is of concerns, indicating a potentially serious situation. Thus, to avoid treatment failure, the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delveen R. Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Collage of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abdulrhaman T. Saadi
- Medical Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Heevi Pediatrics Teaching Hospital, Duhok Health Directorate, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nizar B. Yahya
- Heevi Pediatrics Teaching Hospital, Duhok Health Directorate, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Pediatrics Department, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Marwa S. Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Techniques-Shekhan, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ali Y. Saeed
- Department of Biology, Collage of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sawsan S. Abdulaziz
- Heevi Pediatrics Teaching Hospital, Duhok Health Directorate, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Revan Y. Hasqyal
- Heevi Pediatrics Teaching Hospital, Duhok Health Directorate, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Berivan K. Alarsalani
- Heevi Pediatrics Teaching Hospital, Duhok Health Directorate, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Khalid S. Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Ibrahim DR, Dodd CER, Stekel DJ, Meshioye RT, Diggle M, Lister M, Hobman JL. Multidrug-Resistant ESBL-Producing E. coli in Clinical Samples from the UK. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010169. [PMID: 36671370 PMCID: PMC9854697 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, cephalosporin therapy failure is a serious problem for infection control. One causative agent of cephalosporin-resistant infections is multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and/or plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases. We evaluated the occurrence of ESBL/pAmpC genetic determinants in phenotypically MDR E. coli isolated from clinical samples of blood, faeces, ear effusion, urine and sputum from a UK hospital. Phenotypic resistance profiling for 18 antibiotics (from seven classes) showed that 32/35 isolates were MDR, with resistance to 4-16 of the tested antibiotics. Of the isolates, 97.1% showed resistance to ampicillin, 71.4% showed resistance to co-amoxiclav, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftiofur, and 68.5% showed resistance to cefquinome. blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA-1 genes were detected in 23, 13 and 12 strains, respectively, and Intl1 was detected in 17 isolates. The most common subtypes among the definite sequence types were CTX-M-15 (40%) and TEM-1 (75%). No E. coli isolates carried pAmpC genes. Significant correlations were seen between CTX-M carriage and cefotaxime, ceftiofur, aztreonam, ceftazidime and cefquinome resistance; between blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA-1 carriage and ciprofloxacin resistance; and between Intl1 carriage and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. Thus, MDR phenotypes may be conferred by a relatively small number of genes. The level and pattern of antibiotic resistance highlight the need for better antibiotic therapy guidelines, including reduced use and improved surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delveen R. Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, School of Science, The University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (D.R.I.); (J.L.H.); Tel.: +44-115-951-6166 (J.L.H.); Fax: +44-115-951-6162 (J.L.H.)
| | - Christine E. R. Dodd
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dov J. Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Rossmore 2029, South Africa
| | - Remilekun T. Meshioye
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Fidson Healthcare Plc, 268 Ikorodu-Ososun Rd, Obanikoro, Lagos 100232, Nigeria
| | - Mathew Diggle
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Michelle Lister
- Department of Microbiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jon L. Hobman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (D.R.I.); (J.L.H.); Tel.: +44-115-951-6166 (J.L.H.); Fax: +44-115-951-6162 (J.L.H.)
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Ibrahim DR, Dodd CER, Stekel DJ, Ramsden SJ, Hobman JL. Multidrug resistant, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from a dairy farm. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw013. [PMID: 26850161 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains were isolated from a single dairy farm as a sentinel organism for the persistence of antibiotic resistance genes in the farm environment. Selective microbiological media were used to obtain 126 E. coli isolates from slurry and faeces samples from different farm areas. Antibiotic resistance profiling for 17 antibiotics (seven antibiotic classes) showed 57.9% of the isolates were resistant to between 3 and 15 antibiotics. The highest frequency of resistance was to ampicillin (56.3%), and the lowest to imipenem (1.6%), which appeared to be an unstable phenotype and was subsequently lost. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) resistance was detected in 53 isolates and blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA genes were detected by PCR in 12, 4 and 2 strains, respectively. Phenotypically most isolates showing resistance to cephalosporins were AmpC rather than ESBL, a number of isolates having both activities. Phenotypic resistance patterns suggested co-acquisition of some resistance genes within subsets of the isolates. Genotyping using ERIC-PCR demonstrated these were not clonal, and therefore co-resistance may be associated with mobile genetic elements. These data show a snapshot of diverse resistance genes present in the E. coli population reservoir, including resistance to historically used antibiotics as well as cephalosporins in contemporary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delveen R Ibrahim
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christine E R Dodd
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dov J Stekel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stephen J Ramsden
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jon L Hobman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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