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Toffolatti SL, Davillerd Y, D’Isita I, Facchinelli C, Germinara GS, Ippolito A, Khamis Y, Kowalska J, Maddalena G, Marchand P, Marcianò D, Mihály K, Mincuzzi A, Mori N, Piancatelli S, Sándor E, Romanazzi G. Are Basic Substances a Key to Sustainable Pest and Disease Management in Agriculture? An Open Field Perspective. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3152. [PMID: 37687399 PMCID: PMC10490370 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and pests constantly challenge food security and safety worldwide. The use of plant protection products to manage them raises concerns related to human health, the environment, and economic costs. Basic substances are active, non-toxic compounds that are not predominantly used as plant protection products but hold potential in crop protection. Basic substances' attention is rising due to their safety and cost-effectiveness. However, data on their protection levels in crop protection strategies are lacking. In this review, we critically analyzed the literature concerning the field application of known and potential basic substances for managing diseases and pests, investigating their efficacy and potential integration into plant protection programs. Case studies related to grapevine, potato, and fruit protection from pre- and post-harvest diseases and pests were considered. In specific cases, basic substances and chitosan in particular, could complement or even substitute plant protection products, either chemicals or biologicals, but their efficacy varied greatly according to various factors, including the origin of the substance, the crop, the pathogen or pest, and the timing and method of application. Therefore, a careful evaluation of the field application is needed to promote the successful use of basic substances in sustainable pest management strategies in specific contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Yann Davillerd
- Institut de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation Biologiques (ITAB), 149 rue de BERCY, F-75012 Paris, France; (Y.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Ilaria D’Isita
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ingegneria (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (I.D.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Chiara Facchinelli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.F.); (A.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Giacinto Salvatore Germinara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ingegneria (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (I.D.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Antonio Ippolito
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Youssef Khamis
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, 9 Gamaa St., Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Jolanta Kowalska
- Department of Organic Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Institute of Plant Protection–National Research Institute, Władysława Wêgorka 20, 60-318 Poznañ, Poland;
| | - Giuliana Maddalena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Patrice Marchand
- Institut de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation Biologiques (ITAB), 149 rue de BERCY, F-75012 Paris, France; (Y.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Demetrio Marcianò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Kata Mihály
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Annamaria Mincuzzi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.F.); (A.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.F.); (A.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Simone Piancatelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.P.); (G.R.)
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Kumar R, Meghwanshi GK, Marcianò D, Ullah SF, Bulone V, Toffolatti SL, Srivastava V. Sequence, structure and functionality of pectin methylesterases and their use in sustainable carbohydrate bioproducts: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 244:125385. [PMID: 37330097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are enzymes that play a critical role in modifying pectins, a class of complex polysaccharides in plant cell walls. These enzymes catalyze the removal of methyl ester groups from pectins, resulting in a change in the degree of esterification and consequently, the physicochemical properties of the polymers. PMEs are found in various plant tissues and organs, and their activity is tightly regulated in response to developmental and environmental factors. In addition to the biochemical modification of pectins, PMEs have been implicated in various biological processes, including fruit ripening, defense against pathogens, and cell wall remodelling. This review presents updated information on PMEs, including their sources, sequences and structural diversity, biochemical properties and function in plant development. The article also explores the mechanisms of PME action and the factors influencing enzyme activity. In addition, the review highlights the potential applications of PMEs in various industrial sectors related to biomass exploitation, food, and textile industries, with a focus on development of bioproducts based on eco-friendly and efficient industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Marcianò D, Toffolatti SL. Methods for Fungicide Efficacy Screenings: Multiwell Testing Procedures for the Oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Pythium ultimum. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020350. [PMID: 36838315 PMCID: PMC9959339 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes-borne diseases represent a serious problem for agriculture sustainability due to the high use of chemical products employed for their control. In recent years, increasing concerns on side effects associated with fungicide utilization have led to the reduction of the permissible modes of action, with the remaining ones continuously threatened by the increase of resistant strains in the pathogen populations. In this context, it is mandatory to develop new generation fungicides characterized by high specificity towards the target species and low environmental impact to guarantee the sustainability, productivity, and quality of food production. Fungicide discovery is a lengthy and costly process, and despite these urgent needs, poor description and formalization of high-throughput methodologies for screening the efficacy of active compounds are commonly reported for these kinds of organisms. In this study, a comprehensive picture of two high-throughput practices for efficient fungicide screening against plant-pathogenic oomycetes has been provided. Different protocols using multiwell plates were validated on approved crop protection products using Phytophthora infestans and Pythium ultimum as the model species. In addition, detailed statistical inputs useful for the analysis of data related to the efficacy of screenings are included.
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Marcianò D, Ricciardi V, Maddalena G, Massafra A, Marone Fassolo E, Masiero S, Bianco PA, Failla O, De Lorenzis G, Toffolatti SL. Influence of Nitrogen on Grapevine Susceptibility to Downy Mildew. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:263. [PMID: 36678977 PMCID: PMC9867458 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most important threats to viticulture. The exploitation of resistant and susceptibility traits of grapevine is one of the most promising ways to increase the sustainability of disease management. Nitrogen (N) fertilization is known for influencing disease severity in the open field, but no information is available on its effect on plant-pathogen interaction. A previous RNAseq study showed that several genes of N metabolism are differentially regulated in grapevine upon P. viticola inoculation, and could be involved in susceptibility or resistance to the pathogen. The aim of this study was to evaluate if N fertilization influences: (i) the foliar leaf content and photosynthetic activity of the plant, (ii) P. viticola infectivity, and (iii) the expression of the candidate susceptibility/resistance genes. Results showed that N level positively correlated with P. viticola infectivity, confirming that particular attention should be taken in vineyard to the fertilization, but did not influence the expression of the candidate genes. Therefore, these genes are manipulated by the pathogen and can be exploited for developing new, environmentally friendly disease management tools, such as dsRNAs, to silence the susceptibility genes or breeding for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Ricciardi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Maddalena
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Failla
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella De Lorenzis
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Marone Fassolo E, Lecchi B, Marcianò D, Maddalena G, Toffolatti SL. Pathogen Adaptation to American ( Rpv3-1) and Eurasian ( Rpv29) Grapevine Loci Conferring Resistance to Downy Mildew. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2619. [PMID: 36235481 PMCID: PMC9571346 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Durable resistance is a key objective in genetic improvement for disease resistance in grapevines, which must survive for years in the field in the presence of adaptable pathogen populations. In this study, the adaptation of 72 Northern Italian isolates of Plasmopara viticola, the downy mildew agent, has been investigated into Bianca, possessing Rpv3-1, the most frequently exploited resistance locus for genetic improvement, and Mgaloblishvili, a Vitis vinifera variety possessing the newly discovered Rpv29 locus. Infection parameters (latency period, infection frequency, and disease severity) and oospore production and viability were evaluated and compared to those of Pinot noir, the susceptible reference. The expected levels of disease control were achieved by both resistant cultivars (>90% on Bianca; >25% on Mgaloblishvili), despite the high frequency of isolates able to grow on one (28%) or both (46%) accessions. The disease incidence and severity were limited by both resistant cultivars and the strains able to grow on resistant accessions showed signatures of fitness penalties (reduced virulence, infection frequency, and oospore density). Together, these results indicate an adequate pathogen control but suitable practices must be adopted in the field to prevent the diffusion of the partially adapted P. viticola strains to protect resistance genes from erosion.
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Ricciardi V, Marcianò D, Sargolzaei M, Marrone Fassolo E, Fracassetti D, Brilli M, Moser M, Vahid SJ, Tavakole E, Maddalena G, Passera A, Casati P, Pindo M, Cestaro A, Costa A, Bonza MC, Maghradze D, Tirelli A, Failla O, Bianco PA, Quaglino F, Toffolatti SL, De Lorenzis G. Dissecting the susceptibility/resistance mechanism of Vitis vinifera for the future control of downy mildew. BIO Web Conf 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224404002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera), a species cultivated worldwide for high-quality wine production, is extremely susceptible to the agent of downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola. Nevertheless, germplasm from Georgia (Southern Caucasus, the first grapevine domestication centre), characterized by a high genetic variability, showed resistance traits to P. viticola. The cultivar Mgaloblishvili exhibited the most promising phenotype in terms of resistance against P. viticola. Its defence response results in: i) low disease intensity; ii) low sporulation; iii) damaged mycelium; iv) production of antimicrobial compounds such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whose effectiveness on the pathogen was evaluated by leafdisc assays. At the transcriptomic level, its resistance mechanism is determined by the differential expression of both resistance and susceptible genes. The resistance genes are related to: i) pathogen recognition through PAMP, DAMP and effector receptors; ii) ethylene signalling pathway; iii) synthesis of antimicrobial compounds (VOCs) and fungal wall degrading enzymes; iv) development of structural barriers (cell wall reinforcement). The first putative susceptible gene was the transcription factor VviLBDIf7 gene, whose validation was carried out by dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) assay. In this work, these unique results on plant-pathogen interaction are reviewed with the aim of developing new strategies to control the disease.
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Marcianò D, Ricciardi V, Marone Fassolo E, Passera A, Bianco PA, Failla O, Casati P, Maddalena G, De Lorenzis G, Toffolatti SL. RNAi of a Putative Grapevine Susceptibility Gene as a Possible Downy Mildew Control Strategy. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:667319. [PMID: 34127927 PMCID: PMC8196239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the diseases causing the most severe economic losses to grapevine (Vitis vinifera) production. To date, the application of fungicides is the most efficient method to control the pathogen and the implementation of novel and sustainable disease control methods is a major challenge. RNA interference (RNAi) represents a novel biotechnological tool with a great potential for controlling fungal pathogens. Recently, a candidate susceptibility gene (VviLBDIf7) to downy mildew has been identified in V. vinifera. In this work, the efficacy of RNAi triggered by exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in controlling P. viticola infections has been assessed in a highly susceptible grapevine cultivar (Pinot noir) by knocking down VviLBDIf7 gene. The effects of dsRNA treatment on this target gene were assessed by evaluating gene expression, disease severity, and development of vegetative and reproductive structures of P. viticola in the leaf tissues. Furthermore, the effects of dsRNA treatment on off-target (EF1α, GAPDH, PEPC, and PEPCK) and jasmonic acid metabolism (COI1) genes have been evaluated. Exogenous application of dsRNA led to significant reductions both in VviLBDIf7 gene expression, 5 days after the treatment, and in the disease severity when artificial inoculation was carried out 7 days after dsRNA treatments. The pathogen showed clear alterations to both vegetative (hyphae and haustoria) and reproductive structures (sporangiophores) that resulted in stunted growth and reduced sporulation. Treatment with dsRNA showed signatures of systemic activity and no deleterious off-target effects. These results demonstrated the potential of RNAi for silencing susceptibility factors in grapevine as a sustainable strategy for pathogen control, underlying the possibility to adopt this promising biotechnological tool in disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriella De Lorenzis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ricciardi V, Marcianò D, Sargolzaei M, Maddalena G, Maghradze D, Tirelli A, Casati P, Bianco PA, Failla O, Fracassetti D, Toffolatti SL, De Lorenzis G. From plant resistance response to the discovery of antimicrobial compounds: The role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in grapevine downy mildew infection. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 160:294-305. [PMID: 33540332 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new mechanisms of resistance and natural bioactive molecules could be two of the possible ways to reduce fungicide use in vineyard and assure an acceptable and sustainable protection against Plasmopara viticola, the grapevine downy mildew agent. Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as terpenes, norisoprenoids, alcohols and aldehydes, is frequently induced in plants in response to attack by pathogens, such as P. viticola, that is known to cause a VOCs increment in cultivars harboring American resistance traits. In this study, the role of leaf VOCs in the resistance mechanism of two resistant cultivars (Mgaloblishvili, a pure Vitis vinifera cultivar, and Bianca, an interspecific hybrid) and the direct antimicrobial activity of four selected VOCs have been investigated. The leaf VOCs profiles, analyzed through solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, as well as the expression of six terpene synthases (TPSs), were determined upon pathogen inoculation. In both cultivars, the expression pattern of six TPSs increased soon after pathogen inoculation and an increment of nine VOCs has been detected. While in Mgaloblishvili VOCs were synthesized early after P. viticola inoculation, they constituted a late response to pathogen in Bianca. All the four terpenes (farnesene, nerolidol, ocimene and valencene), chosen according to the VOC profiles and gene expression analysis, caused a significant reduction (53-100%) in P. viticola sporulation. These results support the role of VOCs into defense mechanisms of both cultivars and suggest their potential role as a natural and eco-friendly solution to protect grapevine from P. viticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ricciardi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maryam Sargolzaei
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Maddalena
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - David Maghradze
- National Wine Agency of Georgia, Marshal Gelovani Avenue 6, 0159, Tbilisi, Georgia; Caucasus International University, Chargali str. 73, 0141, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Antonio Tirelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Casati
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Failla
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Fracassetti
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella De Lorenzis
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Toffolatti SL, Russo G, Bezza D, Bianco PA, Massi F, Marcianò D, Maddalena G. Characterization of fungicide sensitivity profiles of Botrytis cinerea populations sampled in Lombardy (Northern Italy) and implications for resistance management. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:2198-2207. [PMID: 31965720 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to fungicides is one of the aspects that must be considered when planning treatments to achieve an optimal control of grey mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, in vineyards. In this study, extensive fungicide resistance monitoring was carried out in Northern Italy (Lombardy region) to evaluate several aspects of fungicide resistance (frequency of resistance, effect of field treatments, mechanism of resistance and fitness) on 720 B. cinerea strains isolated from 36 vineyards. RESULTS Of the characterized strains, 12% were resistant to a single fungicide class (3% to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor boscalid, 4% to the anilinopirimidine cyprodinil; 5% to the phenylpirrole fludioxonil; 0.1% to the ketoreductase inhibitor fenhexamid) and 0.8% to two fungicide classes contemporaneously. Resistance was associated with mutations reported in the literature for boscalid (H272Y/R) and fenhexamid (P238S or I232M). Two new mutations in sdhC (A187F) and in sdhD (I189L) could be related to boscalid resistance. Strains resistant to fludioxonil did not show any known mutations. No significant differences were found in the fitness of sensitive and resistant strains. CONCLUSION Overall, field populations of B. cinerea showed a relatively low frequency of resistance, but the geographical distribution of resistance, genetic mechanisms of resistance and fitness of resistant strains suggest that management of resistance should be implemented, at local and regional levels. Particular attention should be given to the fungicide sprays planned before veraison, since they seem to be associated with a higher frequency of resistant strains in vineyards. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia L Toffolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Russo
- Ordine dei Dottori Agronomi e Forestali di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Bezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Piero A Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Demetrio Marcianò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Maddalena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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