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Zeller I, Malovichko MV, Hurst HE, Renaud DE, Scott DA. Cigarette smoke reduces short chain fatty acid production by a Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolate. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:566-571. [PMID: 30982987 PMCID: PMC6776670 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We hypothesized that short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production by oral pathogens is suppressed by exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Background Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for plaque‐induced periodontal diseases. Despite increased disease susceptibility, overt oral inflammation is suppressed in smokers, presenting a diagnostic conundrum. Bacterial‐derived SCFAs can penetrate into oral tissues where they influence multiple components of immune and healing responses. Indeed, the SCFA burden has been correlated with the inflammatory condition of the gingiva. However, the influence of cigarette consumption on SCFA production is unknown. Methods GC/MS was employed to monitor the production of several SCFAs (propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid) by representative anaerobic oral pathogens (Filifactor alocis 35896, Fusobacterium nucleatum 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis 33277) that were exposed, or not, to a physiologically relevant dose of CSE (2000 ng/ml nicotine equivalents) generated from 3R4F reference cigarettes. Results The growth of all three bacterial species was unaffected by CSE. The capacity to produce SCFAs by these bacteria was highly varied. F alocis produced the highest concentration of a specific SCFA (butyrate); P gingivalis provided the most robust overall SCFA signal, while F alocis and F nucleatum did not release detectable levels of isobutyrate or isovalerate. As P gingivalis 33277 was the broadest SCFA producer, three low‐passage clinical isolates (10208C, 5607, and 10512) were also examined. Compared to unconditioned microbes, reduced SCFA release was apparent in CSE‐exposed low‐passage clinical isolates of P gingivalis which reached significance for one of the three isolates (propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids, all P < 0.05). Conclusions There is high disparity in the SCFA profiles of variant chronic periodontitis‐associated bacteria, while CSE exposure reduces SCFA production by a specific clinical strain of P gingivalis. If the latter phenomenon occurs in vivo, a reduced SCFA burden may help explain the reduced vascular response to dental plaque in tobacco smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Zeller
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center and Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulatory Science and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Harrell E Hurst
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Diane E Renaud
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David A Scott
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Gogeneni H, Buduneli N, Ceyhan-Öztürk B, Gümüş P, Akcali A, Zeller I, Renaud DE, Scott DA, Özçaka Ö. Increased infection with key periodontal pathogens during gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 42:506-12. [PMID: 25959628 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gingivitis, infection with specific periodontal pathogens and systemic inflammation each increase the risk for poor pregnancy outcome. We set out to monitor the interactions of gingivitis and GDM with respect to oral infection and the systemic inflammatory burden. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four case-control groups (n = 117) were recruited, (1) No gingivitis, No GDM (n = 27); (2) Gingivitis, No GDM (n = 31); (3) No gingivitis, GDM (n = 21); and (4) Gingivitis, GDM (n = 38). Oral infection with three key periodontal pathogens was determined by PCR. Systemic inflammation was determined by quantification of CRP by EIA. RESULTS Gingivitis during pregnancy was associated with oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis and Treponema denticola and combinations thereof (all p < 0.01). GDM was also associated with increased infection with individual and multiple oral pathogens (all p < 0.05). Gingivitis during pregnancy led to a 325% increase in systemic CRP (mean, 2495 versus 8116 ng/ml, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Diabetes and gingivitis act in concert to increase risk biomarkers for poor pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Gogeneni
- Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Banu Ceyhan-Öztürk
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Aydın State Hospital, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Pınar Gümüş
- Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aliye Akcali
- Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Iris Zeller
- Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Diane E Renaud
- Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Oral Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Özgün Özçaka
- Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Simsek Ozek N, Zeller I, Renaud DE, Gümüş P, Nizam N, Severcan F, Buduneli N, Scott DA. Differentiation of Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis by FTIR Spectroscopy. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1472-1478. [PMID: 27608648 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516663696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Without longitudinal clinical data, it is difficult to differentiate some cases of chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Furthermore, both forms of disease are exacerbated by tobacco use. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was planned, primarily, to determine the ability of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to distinguish CP and AgP patients by analysis of human saliva samples and, secondarily, to assess the potential confounding influence of smoking on discriminating disease-specific spectral signatures. FTIR spectra were collected from patients with a clinical diagnosis of CP (n = 18; 7 smokers) or AgP (n = 23; 9 smokers). Self-reported smoking status, which may be unreliable, was confirmed by salivary cotinine analysis. Spectral band area analysis and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to clarify if the 2 periodontitis groups as well as smoker and nonsmoker patients could be differentiated from each other. Significant variations in lipid, amino acid, lactic acid, and nucleic acid content were found between nonsmoker CP and AgP groups. Although significantly lower lipid, phospholipid, protein, amino acid, lactic acid, and nucleic acid content was noted in the smoker AgP group compared with the nonsmoker AgP group, in the CP group, phospholipid, protein, amino acid, and lactic acid content was significantly lower for smokers compared with the nonsmokers. Based on these variations, nonsmoker CP and AgP patients were discriminated from each other with high sensitivity and specificity. Successful differentiation was also obtained for the smoker CP and AgP groups. Thiocyanate levels successfully differentiated smokers from nonsmokers, irrespective of periodontal status, with 100% accuracy. Differentiation of AgP and CP forms, concomitant with determination of smoking status, may allow the dental health professional to tailor treatment accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simsek Ozek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - I Zeller
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - D E Renaud
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - P Gümüş
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - N Nizam
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - F Severcan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - D A Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Kaval B, Renaud DE, Scott DA, Buduneli N. The role of smoking and gingival crevicular fluid markers on coronally advanced flap outcomes. J Periodontol 2013; 85:395-405. [PMID: 23725027 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates possible effects of smoking on the following: 1) biochemical content in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from sites of gingival recession and saliva; and 2) clinical outcomes of coronally advanced flap (CAF) for root coverage. METHODS Eighteen defects in 15 patients were included in each of the smoker and non-smoker groups. Baseline cotinine, basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were determined in GCF and saliva samples. CAF with microsurgery technique was applied. Plaque index, papilla bleeding index, recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), and root surface area were evaluated at baseline and postoperative months 1, 3, and 6. Probing depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), and keratinized gingival width (KGW) was recorded at baseline and month 6. Percentage of root coverage and complete root coverage were calculated at postoperative months 1, 3, and 6. RESULTS All biochemical parameters were similar in the two groups apart from the definite difference in salivary cotinine concentrations (P = 0.000). Compared with the baseline values, RD, RW, CAL, and root surface area decreased, and KGW increased, with no significant difference between the study groups. CAL gain, percentage of root coverage, and complete root-coverage rates were similar in the study groups. CONCLUSION Similar baseline biochemical data and comparably high success rates of root coverage with CAF in systemically and periodontally healthy smokers versus non-smokers suggest lack of adverse effects of smoking on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Kaval
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Bagaitkar J, Zeller I, Renaud DE, Scott DA. Cotinine inhibits the pro-inflammatory response initiated by multiple cell surface Toll-like receptors in monocytic THP cells. Tob Induc Dis 2012. [PMID: 23176969 PMCID: PMC3541225 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary, stable metabolite of nicotine [(S)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine] in humans is cotinine [(S)-1-methyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrrolidinone]. We have previously shown that cotinine exposure induces convergence and amplification of the GSK3β-dependent PI3 kinase and cholinergic anti-inflammatory systems. The consequence is reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by human monocytes responding to bacteria or LPS, a TLR4 agonist. Findings Here we show that cotinine-induced inflammatory suppression may not be restricted to individual Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Indeed, in monocytic cells, cotinine suppresses the cytokine production that is normally resultant upon agonist-specific engagement of all of the major surface exposed TLRs (TLR 2/1; 2/6; 4 and 5), although the degree of suppression varies by TLR. Conclusions These results provide further mechanistic insight into the increased susceptibility to multiple bacterial infections known to occur in smokers. They also establish THP-1 cells as a potentially suitable model with which to study the influence of tobacco components and metabolites on TLR-initiated inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Bagaitkar
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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Bagaitkar J, Daep CA, Patel CK, Renaud DE, Demuth DR, Scott DA. Tobacco smoke augments Porphyromonas gingivalis-Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27386. [PMID: 22110637 PMCID: PMC3215692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is responsible for the majority of periodontitis cases in the US and smokers are more susceptible than non-smokers to infection by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity is dependent upon its interaction with other plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus gordonii. Microarray analysis suggested that exposure of P. gingivalis to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) increased the expression of the major fimbrial antigen (FimA), but not the minor fimbrial antigen (Mfa1). Therefore, we hypothesized that CSE promotes P. gingivalis-S. gordonii biofilm formation in a FimA-dependent manner. FimA total protein and cell surface expression were increased upon exposure to CSE whereas Mfa1 was unaffected. CSE exposure did not induce P. gingivalis auto-aggregation but did promote dual species biofilm formation, monitored by microcolony numbers and depth (both, p<0.05). Interestingly, P. gingivalis biofilms grown in the presence of CSE exhibited a lower pro-inflammatory capacity (TNF-α, IL-6) than control biofilms (both, p<0.01). CSE-exposed P. gingivalis bound more strongly to immobilized rGAPDH, the cognate FimA ligand on S. gordonii, than control biofilms (p<0.001) and did so in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, a peptide representing the Mfa1 binding site on S. gordonii, SspB, completely inhibited dual species biofilm formation. Thus, CSE likely augments P. gingivalis biofilm formation by increasing FimA avidity which, in turn, supports initial interspecies interactions and promotes subsequent high affinity Mfa1-SspB interactions driving biofilm growth. CSE induction of P. gingivalis biofilms of limited pro-inflammatory potential may explain the increased persistence of this pathogen in smokers. These findings may also be relevant to other biofilm-induced infectious diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carlo A. Daep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carol K. Patel
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Renaud
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Demuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Abstract
We hypothesized that tobacco smoke induces alterations to the 3-OH fatty acids present in lipid A in a manner consistent with a microflora of reduced inflammatory potential. Whole saliva samples and full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from persons with (22 smokers; 15 non-smokers) and without (14 smokers; 15 non-smokers) chronic periodontitis. Clear differences in the contributions of multiple saturated 3-OH fatty acid species were noted in the group with disease compared with healthy individuals. Increases in the long-chain fatty acids associated with anaerobic bacterial periodontopathogens, particularly 3-OH-C(i17.0) (146.7%, relative to controls), were apparent. Significant reductions in the 3-OH fatty acids associated with the consensus (high potency) enteric LPS structure (3-OH-C(12.0) and 3-OH-C(14.0); 33.3% and 15.8% reduction, respectively) were noted in smokers compared with non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Thus, smoking is associated with specific structural alterations to the lipid-A-derived 3-OH fatty acid profile in saliva that are consistent with an oral microflora of reduced inflammatory potential. These findings provide much-needed mechanistic insight into the established clinical conundrum of increased infection with periodontal pathogens but reduced clinical inflammation in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Scott DA, Renaud DE, Krishnasamy S, Meriç P, Buduneli N, Çetinkalp Ş, Liu KZ. Diabetes-related molecular signatures in infrared spectra of human saliva. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:48. [PMID: 20630088 PMCID: PMC2914662 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an ongoing need for improvements in non-invasive, point-of-care tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes mellitus. Ideally, such technologies would allow for community screening. METHODS In this study, we employed infrared spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool in the prediction of diabetic status by analyzing the molecular and sub-molecular spectral signatures of saliva collected from subjects with diabetes (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 22). RESULTS Spectral analysis revealed differences in several major metabolic components - lipid, proteins, glucose, thiocyanate and carboxylate - that clearly demarcate healthy and diseased saliva. The overall accuracy for the diagnosis of diabetes based on infrared spectroscopy was 100% on the training set and 88.2% on the validation set. Therefore, we have established that infrared spectroscopy can be used to generate complex biochemical profiles in saliva and identify several potential diabetes-associated spectral features. CONCLUSIONS Infrared spectroscopy may represent an appropriate tool with which to identify novel diseases mechanisms, risk factors for diabetic complications and markers of therapeutic efficacy. Further study into the potential utility of infrared spectroscopy as diagnostic and prognostic tool for diabetes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Scott
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, S Preston St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, S Preston St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, S Preston St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Diane E Renaud
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, S Preston St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Sathya Krishnasamy
- Endocrinology, University of Louisville, Louisville, S Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Pinar Meriç
- Department of Periodontology, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Şvetki Çetinkalp
- Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Kan-Zhi Liu
- Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council, Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
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Bagaitkar J, Demuth DR, Daep CA, Renaud DE, Pierce DL, Scott DA. Tobacco upregulates P. gingivalis fimbrial proteins which induce TLR2 hyposensitivity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9323. [PMID: 20454607 PMCID: PMC2864253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smokers are more susceptible to periodontitis than non-smokers but exhibit reduced signs of clinical inflammation. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. We have previously shown that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) represents an environmental stress to which P. gingivalis adapts by altering the expression of several virulence factors - including major and minor fimbrial antigens (FimA and Mfa1, respectively) and capsule - concomitant with a reduced pro-inflammatory potential of intact P. gingivalis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We hypothesized that CSE-regulation of capsule and fimbrial genes is reflected at the ultrastructural and functional levels, alters the nature of host-pathogen interactions, and contributes to the reduced pro- inflammatory potential of smoke exposed P. gingivalis. CSE induced ultrastructural alterations were determined by electron microscopy, confirmed by Western blot and physiological consequences studied in open-flow biofilms. Inflammatory profiling of specific CSE-dysregulated proteins, rFimA and rMfa1, was determined by quantifying cytokine induction in primary human innate and OBA-9 cells. CSE up-regulates P. gingivalis FimA at the protein level, suppresses the production of capsular polysaccharides at the ultrastructural level, and creates conditions that promote biofilm formation. We further show that while FimA is recognized by TLR2/6, it has only minimal inflammatory activity in several cell types. Furthermore, FimA stimulation chronically abrogates the pro-inflammatory response to subsequent TLR2 stimulation by other TLR-2-specific agonists (Pam3CSK4, FSL, Mfa1) in an IkappaBalpha- and IRAK-1-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These studies provide some of the first information to explain, mechanistically, how tobacco smoke changes the P. gingivalis phenotype in a manner likely to promote P. gingivalis colonization and infection while simultaneously reducing the host response to this major mucosal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Demuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carlo Amorin Daep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Renaud
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deanne L. Pierce
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Bagaitkar J, Williams LR, Renaud DE, Bemakanakere MR, Martin M, Scott DA, Demuth DR. Tobacco-induced alterations to Porphyromonas gingivalis-host interactions. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:1242-53. [PMID: 19175666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smokers are more susceptible than non-smokers to persistent infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a causative agent of periodontitis. Patients who smoke exhibit increased susceptibility to periodontitis and are more likely to display severe disease and be refractory to treatment. Paradoxically, smokers demonstrate reduced clinical inflammation. We show that P. gingivalis cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induce a lower proinflammatory response (tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-12 p40) from monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells than do unexposed bacteria. This effect is reversed when CSE-exposed bacteria are subcultured in fresh medium without CSE. Using microarrays representative of the P. gingivalis genome, CSE-exposure resulted in differential regulation of 6.8% of P. gingivalis genes, including detoxification and oxidative stress-related genes; DNA repair genes; and multiple genes related to P. gingivalis virulence, including genes in the major fimbrial and capsular operons. Exposure to CSE also altered the expression of outer membrane proteins, most notably by inducing the virulence factors RagA and RagB, and a putative lipoprotein cotranscribed with the minor fimbrial antigen. Therefore, CSE represents an environmental stress to which P. gingivalis adapts by altering gene expression and outer membrane proteins. These changes may explain, in part, the altered virulence and host-pathogen interactions that have been documented in vivo in smokers with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Bagaitkar
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Xu M, Scott JE, Liu KZ, Bishop HR, Renaud DE, Palmer RM, Soussi-Gounni A, Scott DA. The influence of nicotine on granulocytic differentiation - inhibition of the oxidative burst and bacterial killing and increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 release. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:19. [PMID: 18412948 PMCID: PMC2375863 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils leave the bone marrow as terminally differentiated cells, yet little is known of the influence of nicotine or other tobacco smoke components on neutrophil differentiation. Therefore, promyelocytic HL-60 cells were differentiated into neutrophils using dimethylsulfoxide in the presence and absence of nicotine (3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine). Differentiation was evaluated over 5 days by monitoring terminal differentiation markers (CD11b expression and formazan deposition); cell viability, growth phase, kinetics, and apoptosis; assessing cellular morphology and ultrastructure; and conformational changes to major cellular components. Key neutrophil effector functions (oxidative burst, bacterial killing, matrix metalloproteinase release) were also examined. Results Nicotine increased the percentage of cells in late differentiation phases (metamyelocytes, banded neutrophils and segmented neutrophils) compared to DMSO alone (p < 0.05), but did not affect any other marker of neutrophil differentiation examined. However, nicotine exposure during differentiation suppressed the oxidative burst in HL-60 cells (p < 0.001); inhibited bacterial killing (p < 0.01); and increased the LPS-induced release of MMP-9, but not MMP-2 (p < 0.05). These phenomena may be α-7-acetylcholine nicotinic receptor-dependent. Furthermore, smokers exhibited an increased MMP-9 burden compared to non-smokers in vivo (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings may partially explain the known increase in susceptibility to bacterial infection and neutrophil-associated destructive inflammatory diseases in individuals chronically exposed to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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