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Hartgerink D, Bruynzeel A, Eekers D, Swinnen A, Hurkmans C, Wiggenraad R, Swaak-Kragten A, Dieleman E, van der Toorn PP, van Veelen L, Verhoeff JJC, Lagerwaard F, de Ruysscher D, Lambin P, Zindler J. Quality of life among patients with 4 to 10 brain metastases after treatment with whole-brain radiotherapy vs. stereotactic radiotherapy: a phase III, randomized, Dutch multicenter trial. Ann Palliat Med 2021; 11:1197-1209. [PMID: 34806396 DOI: 10.21037/apm-21-1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is an attractive treatment option for patients with brain metastases (BM), sparing healthy brain tissue and likely controlling local tumors. Most previous studies have focused on radiological response or survival. Our randomized trial (NCT02353000) investigated whether quality of life (QoL) is better preserved using SRT than whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for patients with multiple BM. Recently, we published our trial's primary endpoints. The current report discusses the study's secondary endpoints. METHODS Patients with 4 to 10 BM were randomly assigned to a standard-arm WBRT (20 Gy in 5 fractions) or SRT group (1 fraction of 15-24 Gy or 3 fractions of 8 Gy). QoL endpoints-such as EQ5D domains post-treatment, the Barthel index, the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) questionnaires, and the neurocognitive Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-were evaluated. RESULTS Due to poor accrual resulting from patients' and referrers' preference for SRT, this study closed prematurely. The other endpoints' results were published recently. Twenty patients were available for analysis (n=10 vs. n=10 for the two groups, respectively). Significant differences were observed 3 months posttreatment for the mobility (P=0.041), self-care (P=0.028), and alopecia (P=0.014) EQ5D domains, favoring SRT. This self-care score also persisted compared to the baseline (P=0.025). Multiple EORTC categories reflected significant differences, favoring SRT-particularly physical functioning and social functioning. CONCLUSIONS For patients with multiple BM, SRT alone led to persistently higher QoL than treatment with WBRT. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02353000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Hartgerink
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bruynzeel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Eekers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Swinnen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Hurkmans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Wiggenraad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edith Dieleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lieneke van Veelen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zuid-West Radiotherapy Institute, Vlissingen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J C Verhoeff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Lagerwaard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Zindler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Radiotherapy, Holland Proton Therapy Center, Delft, The Netherlands
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Hartgerink D, Bruynzeel A, Eekers D, Swinnen A, Hurkmans C, Wiggenraad R, Swaak-Kragten A, Dieleman E, van der Toorn PP, Oei B, van Veelen L, Verhoeff J, Lagerwaard F, de Ruysscher D, Lambin P, Zindler J. A Dutch phase III randomized multicenter trial: whole brain radiotherapy versus stereotactic radiotherapy for 4-10 brain metastases. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab021. [PMID: 33738451 PMCID: PMC7954103 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical value of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for brain metastases (BM) is a matter of debate due to the significant side effects involved. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an attractive alternative treatment option that may avoid these side effects and improve local tumor control. We initiated a randomized trial (NCT02353000) to investigate whether quality of life is better preserved after SRS compared with WBRT in patients with multiple brain metastases. Methods Patients with 4-10 BM were randomized between the standard arm WBRT (total dose 20 Gy in 5 fractions) or SRS (single fraction or 3 fractions). The primary endpoint was the difference in quality of life (QOL) at 3 months post-treatment. Results The study was prematurely closed due to poor accrual. A total of 29 patients (13%) were randomized, of which 15 patients have been treated with SRS and 14 patients with WBRT. The median number of lesions were 6 (range: 4-9) and the median total treatment volume was 13.0 cc3 (range: 1.8-25.9 cc3). QOL at 3 months decreased in the SRS group by 0.1 (SD = 0.2), compared to 0.2 (SD = 0.2) in the WBRT group (P = .23). The actuarial 1-year survival rates were 57% (SRS) and 31% (WBRT) (P = .52). The actuarial 1-year brain salvage-free survival rates were 50% (SRS) and 78% (WBRT) (P = .22). Conclusion In patients with 4-10 BM, SRS alone resulted in 1-year survival for 57% of patients while maintaining quality of life. Due to the premature closure of the trial, no statistically significant differences could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Hartgerink
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Bruynzeel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Eekers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ans Swinnen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen Hurkmans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Wiggenraad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haaglanden Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - Edith Dieleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bing Oei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Verbeeten Institute Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Lieneke van Veelen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zuid-West Radiotherapy Institute Vlissingen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhoeff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Lagerwaard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Precision Medicine, The M-Lab, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Zindler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haaglanden MC, Den Haag, the Netherlands.,Holland Proton Therapy Center, Delft, the Netherlands
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Hartgerink D, Swinnen A, Roberge D, Nichol A, Zygmanski P, Yin FF, Deblois F, Hurkmans C, Ong CL, Bruynzeel A, Aizer A, Fiveash J, Kirckpatrick J, Guckenberger M, Andratschke N, de Ruysscher D, Popple R, Zindler J. LINAC based stereotactic radiosurgery for multiple brain metastases: guidance for clinical implementation. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:1275-1282. [PMID: 31257960 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1633016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a promising treatment option for patients with multiple brain metastases (BM). Recent technical advances have made LINAC based SRS a patient friendly technique, allowing for accurate patient positioning and a short treatment time. Since SRS is increasingly being used for patients with multiple BM, it remains essential that SRS be performed with the highest achievable quality in order to prevent unnecessary complications such as radionecrosis. The purpose of this article is to provide guidance for high-quality LINAC based SRS for patients with BM, with a focus on single isocenter non-coplanar volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Methods: The article is based on a consensus statement by the study coordinators and medical physicists of four trials which investigated whether patients with multiple BM are better palliated with SRS instead of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT): A European trial (NCT02353000), two American trials and a Canadian CCTG lead intergroup trial (CE.7). This manuscript summarizes the quality assurance measures concerning imaging, planning and delivery. Results: To optimize the treatment, the interval between the planning-MRI (gadolinium contrast-enhanced, maximum slice thickness of 1.5 mm) and treatment should be kept as short as possible (< two weeks). The BM are contoured based on the planning-MRI, fused with the planning-CT. GTV-PTV margins are minimized or even avoided when possible. To maximize efficiency, the preferable technique is single isocenter (non-)coplanar VMAT, which delivers high doses to the target with maximal sparing of the organs at risk. The use of flattening filter free photon beams ensures a lower peripheral dose and shortens the treatment time. To bench mark SRS treatment plan quality, it is advisable to compare treatment plans between hospitals. Conclusion: This paper provides guidance for quality assurance and optimization of treatment delivery for LINAC-based radiosurgery for patients with multiple BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Hartgerink
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Swinnen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Roberge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan Nichol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Piotr Zygmanski
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fang-Fang Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Coen Hurkmans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chin Loon Ong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, HagaZiekenhuis, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bruynzeel
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayal Aizer
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Fiveash
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John Kirckpatrick
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Nicolaus Andratschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk de Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Popple
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jaap Zindler
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Holland Proton Therapy Center, Delft, The Netherlands
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Zindler J, Hartgerink D, Swinnen A, Guckenberger M, Andratschke N, Zamburlini M, de Ruysscher D, Popple R. P05.29 Improvement of stereotactic radiosurgery plan quality with multiple non-coplanar VMAT beams. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Zindler
- MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - A Swinnen
- MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - R Popple
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Hartgerink D, Swinnen A, Bruynzeel A, Hurkmans C, de Ruysscher D, van der Toorn P, Swaak A, Wiggenraad R, Veelen L, Verhoeff J, van der Geest A, Dieleman E, Jonkman A, Wester G, Zindler J. P05.31 Plan quality of stereotactic radiosurgery in a multicenter phase III randomized trial in patients with 4 up to 10 brain metastases. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Swinnen
- MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - C Hurkmans
- Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | - A Swaak
- Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J Zindler
- MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Hartgerink D, van der Heijden B, De Ruysscher D, Postma A, Ackermans L, Hoeben A, Anten M, Lambin P, Terhaag K, Jochems A, Dekker A, Schoenmaekers J, Hendriks L, Zindler J. Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Management of Patients With Brain Metastases of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Indications, Decision Tools and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2018; 8:154. [PMID: 29868476 PMCID: PMC5954030 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) frequently occur in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Most patients with BM have a limited life expectancy, measured in months. Selected patients may experience a very long progression-free survival, for example, patients with a targetable driver mutation. Traditionally, whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has been the cornerstone of the treatment, but its indication is a matter of debate. A randomized trial has shown that for patients with a poor prognosis, WBRT does not add quality of life (QoL) nor survival over the best supportive care. In recent decades, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become an attractive non-invasive treatment for patients with BM. Only the BM is irradiated to an ablative dose, sparing healthy brain tissue. Intracranial recurrence rates decrease when WBRT is administered following SRS or resection but does not improve overall survival and comes at the expense of neurocognitive function and QoL. The downside of SRS compared with WBRT is a risk of radionecrosis (RN) and a higher risk of developing new BM during follow-up. Currently, SRS is an established treatment for patients with a maximum of four BM. Several promising strategies are currently being investigated to further improve the indication and outcome of SRS for patients with BM: the effectivity and safety of SRS in patients with more than four BM, combining SRS with systemic therapy such as targeted agents or immunotherapy, shared decision-making with SRS as a treatment option, and individualized isotoxic dose prescription to mitigate the risk of RN and further enhance local control probability of SRS. This review discusses the current indications of SRS and future directions of treatment for patients with BM of NSCLC with focus on the value of SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Hartgerink
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Britt van der Heijden
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Proton Therapy Department South-East Netherlands (ZON-PTC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alida Postma
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Linda Ackermans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ann Hoeben
- Department of Medical Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Monique Anten
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Karin Terhaag
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Arthur Jochems
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andre Dekker
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Proton Therapy Department South-East Netherlands (ZON-PTC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Janna Schoenmaekers
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lizza Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Zindler
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Proton Therapy Department South-East Netherlands (ZON-PTC), Maastricht, Netherlands
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