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Eysel UT, Jancke D. Induction of excitatory brain state governs plastic functional changes in visual cortical topology. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:531-547. [PMID: 38041743 PMCID: PMC10978694 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult visual plasticity underlying local remodeling of the cortical circuitry in vivo appears to be associated with a spatiotemporal pattern of strongly increased spontaneous and evoked activity of populations of cells. Here we review and discuss pioneering work by us and others about principles of plasticity in the adult visual cortex, starting with our study which showed that a confined lesion in the cat retina causes increased excitability in the affected region in the primary visual cortex accompanied by fine-tuned restructuring of neuronal function. The underlying remodeling processes was further visualized with voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging that allowed a direct tracking of retinal lesion-induced reorganization across horizontal cortical circuitries. Nowadays, application of noninvasive stimulation methods pursues the idea further of increased cortical excitability along with decreased inhibition as key factors for the induction of adult cortical plasticity. We used high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), for the first time in combination with VSD optical imaging, and provided evidence that TMS-amplified excitability across large pools of neurons forms the basis for noninvasively targeting reorganization of orientation maps in the visual cortex. Our review has been compiled on the basis of these four own studies, which we discuss in the context of historical developments in the field of visual cortical plasticity and the current state of the literature. Overall, we suggest markers of LTP-like cortical changes at mesoscopic population level as a main driving force for the induction of visual plasticity in the adult. Elevations in excitability that predispose towards cortical plasticity are most likely a common property of all cortical modalities. Thus, interventions that increase cortical excitability are a promising starting point to drive perceptual and potentially motor learning in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf T Eysel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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2
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Tiselko VS, Volgushev M, Jancke D, Chizhov AV. Response retention and apparent motion effect in visual cortex models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293725. [PMID: 37917779 PMCID: PMC10621977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apparent motion is a visual illusion in which stationary stimuli, flashing in distinct spatial locations at certain time intervals, are perceived as one stimulus moving between these locations. In the primary visual cortex, apparent-motion stimuli produce smooth spatio-temporal patterns of activity similar to those produced by continuously moving stimuli. An important prerequisite for producing such activity patterns is prolongation of responses to brief stimuli. Indeed, a brief stimulus can evoke in the visual cortex a long response, outlasting the stimulus by hundreds of milliseconds. Here we use firing-rate based models with simple ring structure, and biologically-detailed conductance-based refractory density (CBRD) model with retinotopic space representation to analyze the response retention and the origin of smooth profiles of activity in response to apparent-motion stimuli. We show that the strength of recurrent connectivity is the major factor that endorses neuronal networks with the ability for response retention. The same strengths of recurrent connections mediate the appearance of bump attractor in the ring models. Factors such as synaptic depression, NMDA receptor mediated currents, and conductances regulating spike adaptation influence response retention, but cannot substitute for the weakness of recurrent connections to reproduce response retention in models with weak connectivity. However, the weakness of lateral recurrent connections can be compensated by layering: in multi-layer models even with weaker connections the activity retains due to its feedforward propagation from layer to layer. Using CBRD model with retinotopic space representation we further show that smooth spatio-temporal profiles of activity in response to apparent-motion stimuli are produced in the models expressing response retention, but not in the models that fail to produce response retention. Together, these results demonstrate a link between response retention and the ability of neuronal networks to generate spatio-temporal patterns of activity, which are compatible with perception of apparent motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilii S. Tiselko
- Laboratory of Complex Networks, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Ioffe Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim Volgushev
- Department of Psychological Sciences, and the Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anton V. Chizhov
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Ioffe Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Centre at Universite Cote d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
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3
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Surdin T, Preissing B, Rohr L, Grömmke M, Böke H, Barcik M, Azimi Z, Jancke D, Herlitze S, Mark MD, Siveke I. Optogenetic activation of mGluR1 signaling in the cerebellum induces synaptic plasticity. iScience 2022; 26:105828. [PMID: 36632066 PMCID: PMC9826949 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity underlying cerebellar learning behavior is strongly associated with type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) signaling. Activation of mGluR1 leads to activation of the Gq/11 pathway, which is involved in inducing synaptic plasticity at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse (PF-PC) in form of long-term depression (LTD). To optogenetically modulate mGluR1 signaling we fused mouse melanopsin (OPN4) that activates the Gq/11 pathway to the C-termini of mGluR1 splice variants (OPN4-mGluR1a and OPN4-mGluR1b). Activation of both OPN4-mGluR1 variants showed robust Ca2+ increase in HEK cells and PCs of cerebellar slices. We provide the prove-of-concept approach to modulate synaptic plasticity via optogenetic activation of OPN4-mGluR1a inducing LTD at the PF-PC synapse in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrate that light activation of mGluR1a signaling pathway by OPN4-mGluR1a in PCs leads to an increase in intrinsic activity of PCs in vivo and improved cerebellum driven learning behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Surdin
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bianca Preissing
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lennard Rohr
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michelle Grömmke
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanna Böke
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Barcik
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Zohre Azimi
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Melanie D. Mark
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ida Siveke
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany,Corresponding author
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4
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Jancke D, Herlitze S, Kringelbach ML, Deco G. Bridging the gap between single receptor type activity and whole-brain dynamics. FEBS J 2021; 289:2067-2084. [PMID: 33797854 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
What is the effect of activating a single modulatory neuronal receptor type on entire brain network dynamics? Can such effect be isolated at all? These are important questions because characterizing elementary neuronal processes that influence network activity across the given anatomical backbone is fundamental to guide theories of brain function. Here, we introduce the concept of the cortical 'receptome' taking into account the distribution and densities of expression of different modulatory receptor types across the brain's anatomical connectivity matrix. By modelling whole-brain dynamics in silico, we suggest a bidirectional coupling between modulatory neurotransmission and neuronal connectivity hardware exemplified by the impact of single serotonergic (5-HT) receptor types on cortical dynamics. As experimental support of this concept, we show how optogenetic tools enable specific activation of a single 5-HT receptor type across the cortex as well as in vivo measurement of its distinct effects on cortical processing. Altogether, we demonstrate how the structural neuronal connectivity backbone and its modulation by a single neurotransmitter system allow access to a rich repertoire of different brain states that are fundamental for flexible behaviour. We further propose that irregular receptor expression patterns-genetically predisposed or acquired during a lifetime-may predispose for neuropsychiatric disorders like addiction, depression and anxiety along with distinct changes in brain state. Our long-term vision is that such diseases could be treated through rationally targeted therapeutic interventions of high specificity to eventually recover natural transitions of brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK.,Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
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Staadt R, Philipp ST, Cremers JL, Kornmeier J, Jancke D. Perception of the difference between past and present stimulus: A rare orientation illusion may indicate incidental access to prediction error-like signals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232349. [PMID: 32365070 PMCID: PMC7197803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A popular model for sensory processing, known as predictive coding, proposes that incoming signals are iteratively compared with top-down predictions along a hierarchical processing scheme. At each step, error signals arising from differences between actual input and prediction are forwarded and recurrently minimized by updating internal models to finally be “explained away”. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying such computations and their limitations in processing speed are largely unknown. Further, it remains unclear at which step of cortical processing prediction errors are explained away, if at all. In the present study, human subjects briefly viewed the superposition of two orthogonally oriented gratings followed by abrupt removal of one orientation after either 33 or 200 milliseconds. Instead of strictly seeing the remaining orientation, observers report rarely but highly significantly an illusory percept of the arithmetic difference between previous and actual orientations. Previous findings in cats using the identical paradigm suggest that such difference signals are inherited from first steps of visual cortical processing. In light of early modeling accounts of predictive coding, in which visual neurons were interpreted as residual error detectors signaling the difference between actual input and its temporal prediction based on past input, our data may indicate continued access to residual errors. Such strategy permits time-critical perceptual decision making across a spectrum of competing internal signals up to the highest levels of processing. Thus, the occasional appearance of a prediction error-like illusory percept may uncover maintained flexibility at perceptual decision stages when subjects cope with highly dynamic and ambiguous visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Staadt
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian T. Philipp
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joschka L. Cremers
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kornmeier
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Azimi Z, Barzan R, Spoida K, Surdin T, Wollenweber P, Mark MD, Herlitze S, Jancke D. Separable gain control of ongoing and evoked activity in the visual cortex by serotonergic input. eLife 2020; 9:e53552. [PMID: 32252889 PMCID: PMC7138610 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling gain of cortical activity is essential to modulate weights between internal ongoing communication and external sensory drive. Here, we show that serotonergic input has separable suppressive effects on the gain of ongoing and evoked visual activity. We combined optogenetic stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) with wide-field calcium imaging, extracellular recordings, and iontophoresis of serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists in the mouse visual cortex. 5-HT1A receptors promote divisive suppression of spontaneous activity, while 5-HT2A receptors act divisively on visual response gain and largely account for normalization of population responses over a range of visual contrasts in awake and anesthetized states. Thus, 5-HT input provides balanced but distinct suppressive effects on ongoing and evoked activity components across neuronal populations. Imbalanced 5-HT1A/2A activation, either through receptor-specific drug intake, genetically predisposed irregular 5-HT receptor density, or change in sensory bombardment may enhance internal broadcasts and reduce sensory drive and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Azimi
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Ruxandra Barzan
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Katharina Spoida
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Tatjana Surdin
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Patric Wollenweber
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
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Eickelbeck D, Karapinar R, Jack A, Suess ST, Barzan R, Azimi Z, Surdin T, Grömmke M, Mark MD, Gerwert K, Jancke D, Wahle P, Spoida K, Herlitze S. CaMello-XR enables visualization and optogenetic control of G q/11 signals and receptor trafficking in GPCR-specific domains. Commun Biol 2019; 2:60. [PMID: 30793039 PMCID: PMC6376006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal specificity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including serotonin receptors (5-HT-R) depends on the trafficking and localization of the GPCR within its subcellular signaling domain. Visualizing traffic-dependent GPCR signals in neurons is difficult, but important to understand the contribution of GPCRs to synaptic plasticity. We engineered CaMello (Ca2+-melanopsin-local-sensor) and CaMello-5HT2A for visualization of traffic-dependent Ca2+ signals in 5-HT2A-R domains. These constructs consist of the light-activated Gq/11 coupled melanopsin, mCherry and GCaMP6m for visualization of Ca2+ signals and receptor trafficking, and the 5-HT2A C-terminus for targeting into 5-HT2A-R domains. We show that the specific localization of the GPCR to its receptor domain drastically alters the dynamics and localization of the intracellular Ca2+ signals in different neuronal populations in vitro and in vivo. The CaMello method may be extended to every GPCR coupling to the Gq/11 pathway to help unravel new receptor-specific functions in respect to synaptic plasticity and GPCR localization. Dennis Eickelbeck et al. engineered light-activated constructs, CaMello and CaMello-5HT2A, which are targeted to the 5HT2A-R domains and enable visualization of calcium signals and receptor trafficking in response to activation. The reported CaMello tool could be applied to other GPCRs coupled to the Gq/11 signaling pathways which may shed light on mechanisms of GPCR localization and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Eickelbeck
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Raziye Karapinar
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, ND6/72, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra T Suess
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruxandra Barzan
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, NB 2/27, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Zohre Azimi
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, NB 2/27, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tatjana Surdin
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michelle Grömmke
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, ND04/596, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, NB 2/27, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, ND6/72, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina Spoida
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Jancke D. Catching the voltage gradient-asymmetric boost of cortical spread generates motion signals across visual cortex: a brief review with special thanks to Amiram Grinvald. Neurophotonics 2017; 4:031206. [PMID: 28217713 PMCID: PMC5301132 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.3.031206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wide-field voltage imaging is unique in its capability to capture snapshots of activity-across the full gradient of average changes in membrane potentials from subthreshold to suprathreshold levels-of hundreds of thousands of superficial cortical neurons that are simultaneously active. Here, I highlight two examples where voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) was exploited to track gradual space-time changes of activity within milliseconds across several millimeters of cortex at submillimeter resolution: the line-motion condition, measured in Amiram Grinvald's Laboratory more than 10 years ago and-coming full circle running VSDI in my laboratory-another motion-inducing condition, in which two neighboring stimuli counterchange luminance simultaneously. In both examples, cortical spread is asymmetrically boosted, creating suprathreshold activity drawn out over primary visual cortex. These rapidly propagating waves may integrate brain signals that encode motion independent of direction-selective circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jancke
- Ruhr University Bochum, Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Bochum, Germany
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Spoida K, Eickelbeck D, Karapinar R, Eckhardt T, Mark MD, Jancke D, Ehinger BV, König P, Dalkara D, Herlitze S, Masseck OA. Melanopsin Variants as Intrinsic Optogenetic On and Off Switches for Transient versus Sustained Activation of G Protein Pathways. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1206-12. [PMID: 27068418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the major protein family for cellular modulation in mammals. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to analyze the function of GPCRs involving pharmaco- and optogenetic approaches [1, 2]. However, a tool that combines precise control of the activation and deactivation of GPCR pathways and/or neuronal firing with limited phototoxicity is still missing. We compared the biophysical properties and optogenetic application of a human and a mouse melanopsin variant (hOpn4L and mOpn4L) on the control of Gi/o and Gq pathways in heterologous expression systems and mouse brain. We found that GPCR pathways can be switched on/off by blue/yellow light. The proteins differ in their kinetics and wavelength dependence to activate and deactivate G protein pathways. Whereas mOpn4L is maximally activated by very short light pulses, leading to sustained G protein activation, G protein responses of hOpn4L need longer light pulses to be activated and decline in amplitude. Based on the different biophysical properties, brief light activation of mOpn4L is sufficient to induce sustained neuronal firing in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC), whereas brief light activation of hOpn4L induces AP firing, which declines in frequency over time. Most importantly, mOpn4L-induced sustained firing can be switched off by yellow light. Based on the biophysical properties, hOpn4L and mOpn4L represent the first GPCR optogenetic tools, which can be used to switch GPCR pathways/neuronal firing on an off with temporal precision and limited phototoxicity. We suggest to name these tools moMo and huMo for future optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Spoida
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dennis Eickelbeck
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Raziye Karapinar
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Eckhardt
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, NB 2/27, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Benedikt Valerian Ehinger
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstrasse 28, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstrasse 28, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Olivia A Masseck
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND 7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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10
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Abstract
The visual system is confronted with rapidly changing stimuli in everyday life. It is not well understood how information in such a stream of input is updated within the brain. We performed voltage-sensitive dye imaging across the primary visual cortex (V1) to capture responses to sequences of natural scene contours. We presented vertically and horizontally filtered natural images, and their superpositions, at 10 or 33 Hz. At low frequency, the encoding was found to represent not the currently presented images, but differences in orientation between consecutive images. This was in sharp contrast to more rapid sequences for which we found an ongoing representation of current input, consistent with earlier studies. Our finding that for slower image sequences, V1 does no longer report actual features but represents their relative difference in time counteracts the view that the first cortical processing stage must always transfer complete information. Instead, we show its capacities for change detection with a new emphasis on the role of automatic computation evolving in the 100-ms range, inevitably affecting information transmission further downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Nortmann
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Bernstein Group for Computational Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sascha Rekauzke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Bernstein Group for Computational Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Selim Onat
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Bernstein Group for Computational Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Nortmann N, Rekauzke S, Azimi Z, Onat S, König P, Jancke D. Visual homeostatic processing in V1: when probability meets dynamics. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:6. [PMID: 25691861 PMCID: PMC4315031 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Nortmann
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sascha Rekauzke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Zohre Azimi
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Selim Onat
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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12
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Sczesny-Kaiser M, Bauknecht A, Höffken O, Tegenthoff M, Dinse HR, Jancke D, Funke K, Schwenkreis P. Synergistic effects of noradrenergic modulation with atomoxetine and 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor learning in healthy humans. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:46. [PMID: 24690416 PMCID: PMC4031499 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is able to induce changes in neuronal activity that outlast stimulation. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. They might be analogous to long-term potentiation or depression, as the duration of the effects seems to implicate changes in synaptic plasticity. Norepinephrine (NE) has been shown to play a crucial role in neuronal plasticity in the healthy and injured human brain. Atomoxetine (ATX) and other NE reuptake inhibitors have been shown to increase excitability in different systems and to influence learning processes. Thus, the combination of two facilitative interventions may lead to further increase in excitability and motor learning. But in some cases homeostatic metaplasticity might protect the brain from harmful hyperexcitability. In this study, the combination of 60 mg ATX and 10 Hz rTMS over the primary motor cortex was used to examine changes in cortical excitability and motor learning and to investigate their influence on synaptic plasticity mechanisms. RESULTS The results of this double-blind placebo-controlled study showed that ATX facilitated corticospinal and intracortical excitability in motor cortex. 10 Hertz rTMS applied during a motor task was able to further increase intracortical excitability only in combination with ATX. In addition, only the combination of 10 Hz rTMS and ATX was capable of enhancing the total number of correct responses and reaction time significantly, indicating an interaction effect between rTMS and ATX without signs of homeostatic metaplasticity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that pharmacologically enhanced NE transmission and 10 Hz rTMS exert a synergistic effect on motor cortex excitability and motor learning in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sczesny-Kaiser
- Department of Neurology, BG-Universitaetsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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13
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Kozyrev V, Rekauzke S, Eysel U, Jancke D. P 214. Visualization of transcranial magnetic stimulation effects by voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Clin Neurophysiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
How is contextual processing as demonstrated with simplified stimuli, cortically enacted in response to ecologically relevant complex and dynamic stimuli? Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we captured mesoscopic population dynamics across several square millimeters of cat primary visual cortex. By presenting natural movies locally through either one or two adjacent apertures, we show that simultaneous presentation leads to mutual facilitation of activity. These synergistic effects were most effective when both movie patches originated from the same natural movie, thus forming a coherent stimulus in which the inherent spatio-temporal structure of natural movies were preserved in accord with Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. These results suggest that natural sensory input triggers cooperative mechanisms that are imprinted into the cortical functional architecture as early as in primary visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Onat
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Department of Neurobiopsychology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, 49069, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany ; Cognitive Neurobiology, Bernstein Group for Computational Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Department of Neurobiopsychology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, 49069, Germany
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15
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Grabska-Barwińska A, Ng BSW, Jancke D. Orientation selective or not? - Measuring significance of tuning to a circular parameter. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 203:1-9. [PMID: 21924292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Orientation and direction tuning are among the most studied features of the visual system and are routinely measured during experiments to estimate the quality of neuronal responses. However, standard approaches to report orientation selectivity are only narrowly quantitative and strongly depend on the signal quality, while the more sophisticated ones are computationally exhaustive, making them difficult to use during ongoing experiments. We propose a fast and efficient method for reporting the reliability of coding applicable to any circular parameter. Similar to standard deviation in the linear statistics, reproducibility measures trial-to-trial variability of a circular response parameter. Reproducibility is a normalized measure easily transformed to p-values, which provide explicit information about significance of the estimated orientation preference. The proposed approach is applicable to a wide range of signal types. Here, we discuss examples from optical imaging and electrophysiological recordings, and provide a more thorough examination based on tuning curves modeled in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Grabska-Barwińska
- Bernstein Group for Computational Neuroscience, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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16
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Onat S, Nortmann N, Rekauzke S, König P, Jancke D. Erratum to “Independent encoding of grating motion across stationary feature maps in primary visual cortex visualized with voltage-sensitive dye imaging” [NeuroImage 55/4 (2011) 1763–1770]. Neuroimage 2011; 57:301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Onat S, König P, Jancke D. Natural Scene Evoked Population Dynamics across Cat Primary Visual Cortex Captured with Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21:2542-54. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Chavane F, Sharon D, Jancke D, Marre O, Frégnac Y, Grinvald A. Lateral Spread of Orientation Selectivity in V1 is Controlled by Intracortical Cooperativity. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:4. [PMID: 21629708 PMCID: PMC3100672 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the primary visual cortex receive subliminal information originating from the periphery of their receptive fields (RF) through a variety of cortical connections. In the cat primary visual cortex, long-range horizontal axons have been reported to preferentially bind to distant columns of similar orientation preferences, whereas feedback connections from higher visual areas provide a more diverse functional input. To understand the role of these lateral interactions, it is crucial to characterize their effective functional connectivity and tuning properties. However, the overall functional impact of cortical lateral connections, whatever their anatomical origin, is unknown since it has never been directly characterized. Using direct measurements of postsynaptic integration in cat areas 17 and 18, we performed multi-scale assessments of the functional impact of visually driven lateral networks. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging showed that local oriented stimuli evoke an orientation-selective activity that remains confined to the cortical feedforward imprint of the stimulus. Beyond a distance of one hypercolumn, the lateral spread of cortical activity gradually lost its orientation preference approximated as an exponential with a space constant of about 1 mm. Intracellular recordings showed that this loss of orientation selectivity arises from the diversity of converging synaptic input patterns originating from outside the classical RF. In contrast, when the stimulus size was increased, we observed orientation-selective spread of activation beyond the feedforward imprint. We conclude that stimulus-induced cooperativity enhances the long-range orientation-selective spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chavane
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Onat S, Nortmann N, Rekauzke S, König P, Jancke D. Independent encoding of grating motion across stationary feature maps in primary visual cortex visualized with voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Neuroimage 2011; 55:1763-70. [PMID: 21232616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In early visual cortex different stimulus parameters are represented in overlaid feature maps. Such functioning was extensively explored by the use of drifting gratings characterized by orientation, spatial-temporal frequency, and direction of motion. However surprisingly, the direct cortical visuotopic drift of the gratings' stripy pattern has never been detected simultaneously to these stationary feature maps. It therefore remains to be demonstrated how physical signals of grating motion across the cortex are represented independently of other parametric maps and thus, how multi-dimensional input is processed independently to enable effective read-out further downstream. Taking advantage of the high spatial and temporal resolution of voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we here show the real-time encoding of position and orientation. By decomposing the cortical responses to drifting gratings we visualize the typical emergence of stationary orientation maps in which specific domains exhibited highest amplitudes. Simultaneously to these patchy maps, we demonstrate coherently propagating waves of activity that precisely matched the actual movement of the gratings in space and time, most dominantly for spatial frequencies lower than the preferred range. Thus, the primary visual cortex multiplexes information about retinotopic motion by additional temporal modulation of stationary orientation signals. These signals may be used to variably extract coarse-grained object motion and form information at higher visual processing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Onat
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Department of Neurobiopsychology, University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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20
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Markounikau V, Igel C, Grinvald A, Jancke D. A dynamic neural field model of mesoscopic cortical activity captured with voltage-sensitive dye imaging. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000919. [PMID: 20838578 PMCID: PMC2936513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A neural field model is presented that captures the essential non-linear characteristics of activity dynamics across several millimeters of visual cortex in response to local flashed and moving stimuli. We account for physiological data obtained by voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging which reports mesoscopic population activity at high spatio-temporal resolution. Stimulation included a single flashed square, a single flashed bar, the line-motion paradigm--for which psychophysical studies showed that flashing a square briefly before a bar produces sensation of illusory motion within the bar--and moving squares controls. We consider a two-layer neural field (NF) model describing an excitatory and an inhibitory layer of neurons as a coupled system of non-linear integro-differential equations. Under the assumption that the aggregated activity of both layers is reflected by VSD imaging, our phenomenological model quantitatively accounts for the observed spatio-temporal activity patterns. Moreover, the model generalizes to novel similar stimuli as it matches activity evoked by moving squares of different speeds. Our results indicate that feedback from higher brain areas is not required to produce motion patterns in the case of the illusory line-motion paradigm. Physiological interpretation of the model suggests that a considerable fraction of the VSD signal may be due to inhibitory activity, supporting the notion that balanced intra-layer cortical interactions between inhibitory and excitatory populations play a major role in shaping dynamic stimulus representations in the early visual cortex.
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21
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Grabska-Barwińska A, Distler C, Hoffmann KP, Jancke D. Contrast independence of cardinal preference: stable oblique effect in orientation maps of ferret visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1258-70. [PMID: 19302161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oblique effect was first described as enhanced detection and discrimination of cardinal orientations compared with oblique orientations. Such biases in visual processing are believed to originate from a functional adaptation to environmental statistics dominated by cardinal contours. At the neuronal level, the oblique orientation effect corresponds to the numerical overrepresentation and narrower tuning bandwidths of cortical neurons representing the cardinal axes. The anisotropic distribution of orientation preferences over large cortical regions was revealed with optical imaging, providing further evidence for the cortical oblique effect in several mammalian species. Our present study explores whether the dominant representation of cardinal contours persists at different stimulus contrasts. Performing intrinsic optical imaging in the ferret visual cortex and presenting drifting gratings at various orientations and contrasts (100%, 30% and 10%), we found that the overrepresentation of vertical and horizontal contours was invariant across stimulus contrasts. In addition, the responses to cardinal orientations were also more robust and evoked larger modulation depths than responses to oblique orientations. We conclude that orientation maps remain constant across the full range of contrast levels down to detection thresholds. Thus, a stable layout of the functional architecture dedicated to processing oriented edges seems to reflect a fundamental coding strategy of the early visual cortex.
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22
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Abstract
Little is known about the "inverse" of the receptive field--the region of cortical space whose spatiotemporal pattern of electrical activity is influenced by a given sensory stimulus. We refer to this activated area as the cortical response field, the properties of which remain unexplored. Here, the dynamics of cortical response fields evoked in visual cortex by small, local drifting-oriented gratings were explored using voltage-sensitive dyes. We found that the cortical response field was often characterized by a plateau of activity, beyond the rim of which activity diminished quickly. Plateau rim location was largely independent of stimulus orientation. However, approximately 20 ms following plateau onset, 1-3 peaks emerged on it and were amplified for 25 ms. Spiking was limited to the peak zones, whose location strongly depended on stimulus orientation. Thus, alongside selective amplification of a spatially restricted suprathreshold response, wider activation to just below threshold encompasses all orientation domains within a well-defined retinotopic vicinity of the current stimulus, priming the cortex for processing of subsequent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Sharon
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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23
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Jancke D, Erlhagen W, Schöner G, Dinse HR. Shorter latencies for motion trajectories than for flashes in population responses of cat primary visual cortex. J Physiol 2004; 556:971-82. [PMID: 14978201 PMCID: PMC1665003 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychophysical evidence in humans indicates that localization is different for stationary flashed and coherently moving objects. To address how the primary visual cortex represents object position we used a population approach that pools spiking activity of many neurones in cat area 17. In response to flashed stationary squares (0.4 deg) we obtained localized activity distributions in visual field coordinates, which we referred to as profiles across a 'population receptive field' (PRF). We here show how motion trajectories can be derived from activity across the PRF and how the representation of moving and flashed stimuli differs in position. We found that motion was represented by peaks of population activity that followed the stimulus with a speed-dependent lag. However, time-to-peak latencies were shorter by approximately 16 ms compared to the population responses to stationary flashes. In addition, motion representation showed a directional bias, as latencies were more reduced for peripheral-to-central motion compared to the opposite direction. We suggest that a moving stimulus provides 'preactivation' that allows more rapid processing than for a single flash event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jancke
- Institut für Neuroinformatik ND 04, Theoretische Biologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Jancke D, Chavane F, Naaman S, Grinvald A. Imaging cortical correlates of illusion in early visual cortex. Nature 2004; 428:423-6. [PMID: 15042090 DOI: 10.1038/nature02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exploring visual illusions reveals fundamental principles of cortical processing. Illusory motion perception of non-moving stimuli was described almost a century ago by Gestalt psychologists. However, the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unknown. To explore cortical mechanisms underlying the 'line-motion' illusion, we used real-time optical imaging, which is highly sensitive to subthreshold activity. We examined, in the visual cortex of the anaesthetized cat, responses to five stimuli: a stationary small square and a long bar; a moving square; a drawn-out bar; and the well-known line-motion illusion, a stationary square briefly preceding a long stationary bar presentation. Whereas flashing the bar alone evoked the expected localized, short latency and high amplitude activity patterns, presenting a square 60-100 ms before a bar induced the dynamic activity patterns resembling that of fast movement. The preceding square, even though physically non-moving, created gradually propagating subthreshold cortical activity that must contribute to illusory motion, because it was indistinguishable from cortical representations of real motion in this area. These findings demonstrate the effect of spatio-temporal patterns of subthreshold synaptic potentials on cortical processing and the shaping of perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jancke
- Department of Neurobiology and the Grodetsky Center for Studies of Higher Brain Function, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel. )
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25
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Dinse HR, Jancke D. Comparative population analysis of cortical representations in parametric spaces of visual field and skin: a unifying role for nonlinear interactions as a basis for active information processing across modalities. Prog Brain Res 2001; 130:155-73. [PMID: 11480273 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)30011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H R Dinse
- Institute for Neuroinformatics, Theoretical Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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27
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28
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Jancke D. Orientation formed by a spot's trajectory: a two-dimensional population approach in primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 2000; 20:RC86. [PMID: 10875941 PMCID: PMC6772319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There exist a large number of visual illusions indicating that perception differs from pure representation of physical input. For example, a spot of light can be characterized by its position, but it does not contribute any information about orientation. However, when moved fast enough, a continuous streak along its trajectory is perceived that helps to determine the orientation of the movement path. The question arises whether the processing of the trajectory and its orientation are simultaneously represented in the primary visual cortex. Here I show that decoding neural population activity within a two-dimensional parameter space represents both (1) physical input given by the actual position of the moving spot and (2) orientation. This latter parameter has no physical counterpart in the stimulus but must be actively formed by spatiotemporal integration of the spot's trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jancke
- Institut für Neuroinformatik, Theoretische Biologie, Ruhr-Universität, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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30
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Erlhagen W, Bastian A, Jancke D, Riehle A, Schöner G. The distribution of neuronal population activation (DPA) as a tool to study interaction and integration in cortical representations. J Neurosci Methods 1999; 94:53-66. [PMID: 10638815 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(99)00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many cortical areas, simple stimuli or task conditions activate large populations of neurons. We hypothesize that such populations support processes of interaction within parametric representations and integration of multiple sources of input and we propose to study these processes using distributions of population activation (DPAs) as a tool. Such distributions can be viewed as neuronal representations of continuous stimulus or task parameters. They are built from basis functions contributed by each neuron. These functions may be explicitly chosen based on tuning curves or receptive field profiles. Or they may be determined by minimizing the distance between chosen target distributions and the constructed DPAs. In both cases, construction of the DPA is based on a set of reference conditions in which the stimulus or task parameters are sampled experimentally. In a second step, basis functions are kept fixed, and the DPAs are used to explore time dependent processing, interaction and integration of information. For instance, stimuli which simultaneously specify multiple parameter values can be used to study interactions within the parametric representation. We review an experiment, in which the representation of retinal position is probed in this way, revealing fast excitatory interactions among neurons representing similar retinal positions and slower inhibitory interactions among neurons representing dissimilar retinal positions. Similarly, DPAs can be used to analyze different sources of input that are fused within a parametric representation. We review an experiment in which the representation of the direction of goal-directed arm movements in motor and premotor cortex is studied when prior and current information about upcoming movement tasks are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Erlhagen
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS, 31, Marseille, France
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31
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Jancke D, Erlhagen W, Dinse HR, Akhavan AC, Giese M, Steinhage A, Schöner G. Parametric population representation of retinal location: neuronal interaction dynamics in cat primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 1999; 19:9016-28. [PMID: 10516319 PMCID: PMC6782754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal interactions are an intricate part of cortical information processing generating internal representations of the environment beyond simple one-to-one mappings of the input parameter space. Here we examined functional ranges of interaction processes within ensembles of neurons in cat primary visual cortex. Seven "elementary" stimuli consisting of small squares of light were presented at contiguous horizontal positions. The population representation of these stimuli was compared to the representation of "composite" stimuli, consisting of two squares of light at varied separations. Based on receptive field measurements and by application of an Optimal Linear Estimator, the representation of retinal location was constructed as a distribution of population activation (DPA) in visual space. The spatiotemporal pattern of the DPA was investigated by obtaining the activity of each neuron for a sequence of time intervals. We found that the DPA of composite stimuli deviates from the superposition of its components because of distance-dependent (1) early excitation and (2) late inhibition. (3) The shape of the DPA of composite stimuli revealed a distance-dependent repulsion effect. We simulated these findings within the framework of dynamic neural fields. In the model, the feedforward response of neurons is modulated by spatial ranges of excitatory and inhibitory interactions within the population. A single set of model parameters was sufficient to describe the main experimental effects. Combined, our results indicate that the spatiotemporal processing of visual stimuli is characterized by a delicate, mutual interplay between stimulus-dependent and interaction-based strategies contributing to the formation of widespread cortical activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jancke
- Institut für Neuroinformatik, Theoretische Biologie, Ruhr-Universität, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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