Gap and Inequality in the Economic Income of Independent Workers in the Region of Puno-Peru and the Effect of the Pandemic, 2019-2020

OBJECTIVE

This article seeks to determine the social determinants of inequality in economic income in independent workers in the Puno region in the periods 2019 and 2020.

METHODS

For which the quantitative approach was used, with descriptive and correlational design, considering the multiple regression model.

RESULTS

It was determined that there is a very significant income gap by educational level due to the productive differential that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected all the households; there is inequality in the economic income of independent workers, since in 2019, there was a greater inequality of economic income among independent workers (Gini = 0.6142) in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.415) and in 2020, the inequality of economic income increased due to COVID-19 problem, where the Gini coefficient amounted to 0.7136 in relation to the national level (Gini = 0.431).

CONCLUSION

The determining factors of the economic income of the independent worker in the region of Puno in the periods 2019 and 2020 are the age that explains in 5.19 and 1.72%, the level of education that explains in 20.74 and 34.86% and the sex that explains in 37 and 14.19%, respectively.

Moral Risk in the Behavior of Doctors of the Comprehensive Health Insurance in the Province of San Román, Puno-Peru, 2021

Objective

The objective of the research was to determine which socioeconomic factors are the ones that most influence the moral hazard in the behavior of the doctors of the Comprehensive Health Insurance in the province of San Román and to identify the attitude of the doctor to a gift and its influence in moral hazard.

Methods

The methodology used has a mixed, non-experimental and correlational approach, the Binomial Probit econometric model was used, applying a survey to 32 active doctors who work in the different SIS centers.

Results

It is concluded that the factors that influenced the moral hazard and the behavior of the doctors were the bad reputation with a positive relation (27%), the social pressure with a negative relation (98%) and the behavioral attitude with a positive relation (94 %).

Conclusion

Of the survey carried out, 40.6% of doctors reject the offer of a gift or bribe, reducing the influence of moral hazard by 94%.