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Lee JH, Kim MJ, Kim CS, Cheon SJ, Choi KI, Kim J, Jung J, Yoon JK, Lee SH, Jeong DH. Detection of microplastic traces in four different types of municipal wastewater treatment plants through FT-IR and TED-GC-MS. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:122017. [PMID: 37307864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of microplastics are discharged into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from where some of them are released into natural waterbodies on account of their not being fully eliminated by WWTPs. To investigate the behavior and emission of microplastics from WWTPs, we selected four WWTPs with different treatment technologies, including anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (A2O), sequence batch reactor (SBR), media, and membrane bioreactor (MBR). The number of microplastics detected using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy ranged from 520 to 1820 particles/L in influent and from 0.56 to 2.34 particles/L in effluent. The microplastic removal efficiencies of four WWTPs were over 99%, indicating that the type of treatment technologies did not significantly affect the removal rate of microplastics. In the unit process for each WWTP, the major stages relating to microplastic removal were the secondary clarifier and tertiary treatment processes. Most microplastics detected were categorized as fragments and fibers, while other types were hardly detected. The size of more than 80% of microplastic particles detected in WWTPs ranged between 20 and 300 μm, indicating that they were significantly smaller than the size threshold defined for microplastics. Therefore, we used thermal extraction-desorption coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (TED-GC-MS) to evaluate the microplastic mass content in all four WWTPs, and the results were compared with those of the FT-IR analysis. In this method, only four components, namely polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate, were analyzed because of the analysis limitation, and the total microplastic concentration represented the sum of four components concentrations. The influent and effluent microplastic concentrations estimated by TED-GC-MS ranged from not detectable to 160 μg/L and 0.04-1.07 μg/L, respectively, indicating a correlation coefficient of 0.861 (p < 0.05) between the TED-GC-MS and FT-IR results, when compared to the combined abundance of the four microplastic components by FT-IR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Lee
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Analysis Technical Center, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14502, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jeong Cheon
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-In Choi
- Analysis Technical Center, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14502, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyang Kim
- Korea Institute of Analytical Science and Technology, Seoul, 04790, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehak Jung
- Korea Institute of Analytical Science and Technology, Seoul, 04790, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Yoon
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Lee
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
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Son DJ, Kim CS, Park JW, Lee SH, Chung HM, Jeong DH. Spatial variation of pharmaceuticals in the unit processes of full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants in Korea. J Environ Manage 2021; 286:112150. [PMID: 33611069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several reports have elucidated the removal of pharmaceutical residues in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, there remains a need to determine the spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals in the unit processes of full-scale municipal WWTPs. Herein, spatial variations of fifteen pharmaceuticals in the unit processes of four full-scale municipal WWTPs were assessed by analyzing both solid and liquid samples. Furthermore, different pathways of each pharmaceutical such as biodegradation, adsorption, deconjugation, and electrostatic interaction were investigated. Pharmaceutical mass loading were measured at various points for the different unit process and evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The average mass loading of acetaminophen and caffeine decreased tremendously in the first biological treatment process regardless of the process configuration. In contrast, a temporary increase was observed in the mass loading of ibuprofen in the anaerobic and/or anoxic processes, which was presumably caused by deconjugation. Additionally, the adverse effect of coagulation on ibuprofen removal was validated. The major removal mechanism for the selected antibiotics, except for sulfamethoxazole, was the adsorption by biosolids due to electrostatic interaction. Subsequently, a drastic decrease was observed in their mass loadings in the solid-liquid separation process of the WWTPs. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) shows excellent capability for mitigation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater because it comprises a high concentration of biosolids that act as adsorbents. The evaluation of the spatial variations of the selected pharmaceuticals in different unit processes provides valuable information on their behavior and removal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Son
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Park
- Division of Monitoring and Analysis, Yeongsan River Basin Environmental Office, Gwangju, 61945, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Lee
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyen-Mi Chung
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
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Park J, Kim C, Hong Y, Lee W, Lee S, Chung H, Kim H, Jeong DH. Determination of pharmaceuticals in solid samples in municipal wastewater treatment plants by online SPE LC-MS/MS using QuEChERS extraction. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:279. [PMID: 33864156 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pretreatment method based on the QuEChERS method has been applied for simultaneously extracting 27 residual pharmaceuticals from wastewater solids. The extracted compounds have been analyzed using online solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A recovery test was conducted according to the absorbent type, and buffers were added in the sample extraction step. The highest recovery efficiency could be observed when Na2SO4 was used as an absorbent and Na2EDTA was injected during the extraction process; the recovery efficiencies of the proposed method for the target compounds ranged from 61.3 to 137.2%, and the repeatability was 6.8%. These recovery and repeatability data showed that the proposed method could reliably analyze the 27 target residual pharmaceuticals. The concentrations of the target compounds were all below the limits of quantification: 830 ng g-1 for the target compounds in suspended solids, 2353 ng g-1 in activated sludge, and 1929 ng g-1 in waste sludge. The analytical method established in this study can be applied to quantify residual pharmaceuticals in solid samples and to investigate their behaviors in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
- Division of Monitoring and Analysis, Yeongsan River Basin Environmental Office, 31Seo-gu, Gyesuro, Gwangju, 61945, South Korea
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Youngmin Hong
- Technical Research Center, Shimadzu Scientific Korea, 145 Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08056, South Korea
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyenmi Chung
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02054, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Trinity School of Medicine, Ribishi, Saint Vincent
| | - H Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity School of Medicine, Ribishi, Saint Vincent
| | - K Adkins
- Department of Surgery, Trinity School of Medicine, Ribishi, Saint Vincent
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Park HJ, Oh MJ, Kim PG, Kim G, Jeong DH, Ju BK, Lee WS, Chung HM, Kang HJ, Kwon JH. National Reconnaissance Survey of Microplastics in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Korea. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:1503-1512. [PMID: 31898898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of microplastics are thought to be emitted to freshwater environments via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To evaluate the occurrence of microplastics in Korean WWTPs, a nationwide study was conducted for the first time in 50 representative WWTPs with large treatment capacities. Grab sampling and laboratory filtration were used for influents, whereas in situ filtration using a custom-made sampling device was used for effluents. The filtrates were pretreated using wet peroxidation and density separation prior to the identification of microplastics with a dissection microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Pooled analyses of the microplastics revealed that they were predominantly fragment-shaped, and thermoplastics and synthetic fibers were the dominant microplastic materials in WWTPs. The concentration ranged from 10 to 470 L-1 in influents and 0.004 to 0.51 L-1 in effluents. The removal efficiency of microplastics during wastewater treatment was calculated to be 98.7-99.99% in 31 WWTPs. Additionally, WWTPs using advanced phosphorus removal processes exhibited higher removal efficiency than those not implementing such processes. Power-law distribution was successful in describing microplastic particle sizes down to 100 μm, although it was not applicable for smaller particles. This comprehensive monitoring study provides information on the current level and characteristics of microplastics in WWTPs in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Oh
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonbo Kim
- Dongmoon ENT Co. , 12 Digital-ro , Guro-gu, Seoul 08377 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- National Institute of Environmental Research , Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro , Seo-gu, Incheon 22689 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kyu Ju
- National Institute of Environmental Research , Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro , Seo-gu, Incheon 22689 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research , Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro , Seo-gu, Incheon 22689 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyen-Mi Chung
- National Institute of Environmental Research , Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro , Seo-gu, Incheon 22689 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kang
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
- Knoell Korea , 37 Gukjegeumyung-ro 2-gil , Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07327 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
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Park J, Kim C, Hong Y, Lee W, Chung H, Jeong DH, Kim H. Distribution and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Liquid and Solid Phases in the Unit Processes of Sewage Treatment Plants. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17030687. [PMID: 31973074 PMCID: PMC7036819 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 27 pharmaceuticals in liquid and solid phase samples collected from the unit processes of four different sewage treatment plants (STPs) to evaluate their distribution and behavior of the pharmaceuticals. The examination of the relative distributions of various categories of pharmaceuticals in the influent showed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant. While the relative distribution of antibiotics in the influent was not high (i.e., 3%–5%), it increased to 14%–30% in the effluent. In the four STPs, the mass load of the target pharmaceuticals was reduced by 88%–95% mainly in the biological treatment process, whereas the ratio of pharmaceuticals in waste sludge to those in the influent (w/w) was only 2%. In all the STPs, the removal efficiencies for the stimulant caffeine, NSAIDs (acetaminophen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid), and the antibiotic cefradine were high; they were removed mainly by biological processes. Certain compounds, such as the NSAID ketoprofen, contrast agent iopromide, lipid regulator gemfibrozil, and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, showed varying removal efficiencies depending on the contribution of biodegradation and sludge sorption. In addition, a quantitative meta-analysis was performed to compare the pharmaceutical removal efficiencies of the biological treatment processes in the four STPs, which were a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process, anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A2O) process, and moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process. Among the biological processes, the removal efficiency was in the order of MBR > SBR > A2O > MBBR. Among the tertiary treatment processes investigated, powdered activated carbon showed the highest removal efficiency of 18%–63% for gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, atenolol, cimetidine, and trimethoprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwon Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Youngmin Hong
- Technical Research Center, Shimadzu Scientific Korea, 145 Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08056, Korea;
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hyenmi Chung
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.P.); (C.K.); (W.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.-H.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02054, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.J.); (H.K.)
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Jeon GH, Byun JM, Kim KT, Jeong DH. 2807 Immunoregulatory Protein, V-Set and Immunoglobulin Domain-Containing 4 (VSIG4), is Overexpressed in Patients with Endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.09.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kang HJ, Park HJ, Kwon OK, Lee WS, Jeong DH, Ju BK, Kwon JH. Occurrence of microplastics in municipal sewage treatment plants: a review. Environ Health Toxicol 2018; 33:e2018013-0. [PMID: 30286589 PMCID: PMC6182249 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2018013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) are thought to be important point sources of microplastics in freshwater systems and many peer-reviewed articles have been published on this issue since mid-2010s. In this review, we summarize existing literature on the occurrence of microplastics in STPs and experimental methods used for isolation and identification of microplastics. The number concentrations of microplastics in STP influents were 15.1-640 L-1 , whereas those in the STP effluents were highly variable and ranged from not detectable to 65 L-1 . For most of cases, conventional STPs are removing microplastics very effectively. Fragments and fibers are dominant shapes of microplastics. Thermoplastics (polyethylene and polypropylene) and polyester are the predominant materials recovered. Although further research is needed, size distribution of microplastics in STPs is likely to follow a power law, implying that different studies using different size cutoffs may be compared after establishing a power law relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joong Kang
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Kyung Kwon
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jeong
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kyu Ju
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Jeong WI, Do SH, Sohn MH, Yun HS, Kwon OD, Kim TH, Jeong DH, Williams BH, Jeong KS. Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Metastasis to the Spleen in a Holstein Cow. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:230-2. [PMID: 15753480 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-2-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with metastasis to the spleen in a Holstein cow was studied by histopathologic and immunohistochemical methods. The tumor was characterized by a pseudoglandular (acinar) pattern with an associated fibrous stroma. Individual cells often had a “hepatoid” appearance but were interspersed with scattered cells exhibiting a clear, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive cytoplasm and small eccentric nuclei. This pattern was present in nodules found in both liver and spleen. Moreover, hepatoid tumor cells were positive for alpha-fetoprotein. Immunohistochemical studies suggest that myofibroblasts were responsible for the production of fibrous septa surrounding the pseudoglandular structures of bovine HCC. In summary, our histologic and immunohistochemical findings support a diagnosis of primary HCC with splenic metastasis. Furthermore, the associated stromal response appears to be of a myofibroblast origin. The primary etiology of bovine HCC and the significance of the intralesional, PAS-positive clear cells remain undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City 702-701, South Korea
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Kang HG, Jeong DH, Yang JJ, Lee BK, Kong JK, Lee JW, Kim IH. Serial transrectal ultrasonography for monitoring the reproductive activity of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus). Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 50:149-58. [PMID: 25522189 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the structural changes in the reproductive tract of Asiatic black bears using serial transrectal ultrasonography. In addition, the ultrasonographic observations were compared with the results of vaginal cytology and hormonal analyses. The collection of blood for hormonal analysis, vaginal cytology and transrectal ultrasonography was performed in two bears (Bears 1 and 2) from June 2011 to August 2013 without mating and in a third bear (Bear 3) from April to December 2012, allowing natural mating. Serial ultrasonographic observations showed cyclic changes in ovarian structures (e.g. emergence of small follicles, growth and ovulation of dominant follicles and corpus luteum (CL) formation) during the reproductive cycles of the three bears. The diameter of the uterine horns remained similar throughout the reproductive cycle in Bears 1 and 2, and it remained similar from April until October, but an enlargement containing foetuses was observed in Bear 3 in December. The ultrasonographic observations were consistent with the data obtained through vaginal cytology and progesterone analysis during the reproductive cycle. An average of 4.0 (±0.4) dominant follicles was observed during the oestrous stage (May-August), during which the superficial cells accounted for >90% of the total vaginal cells. In addition, the detection of an average of 2.6 (±0.2) CL was associated with increased plasma progesterone concentrations (3.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml) between June and December (near hibernation). In conclusion, serial transrectal ultrasonography demonstrated yearly oestrous (ovulation) cycles via follicular dynamics and CL formation on ovaries, accordingly with vaginal cytology and hormonal level in the Asiatic black bear.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Park GY, Han JY, Han YK, Kim SD, Kim JS, Jo WS, Chun SH, Jeong DH, Lee CW, Yang K, Lee CG. 14-3-3 eta depletion sensitizes glioblastoma cells to irradiation due to enhanced mitotic cell death. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:158-63. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
In order to develop a protocol to quantify cyanobacteria and Microcystis simultaneously, the primers and probe were designed from the conserved regions of 16S rRNA gene sequences of cyanobacteria and Microcystis, respectively. Probe match analysis of the Ribosomal Database Project showed that the primers matched with over 97% of cyanobacterial 16S rRNA genes, indicating these can be used to amplify cyanobacteria specifically. The TaqMan probe, which is located between two primers, matched with 98.2% of sequences in genus GpXI, in which most Microcystis strains are included. The numbers of cyanobacterial genes were estimated with the emission of SYBR Green from the amplicons with two primers, whereas those of Microcystis spp. were measured from the fluorescence of CAL Fluor Gold 540 emitted by exonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase in amplification. It is expected that this method enhances the accuracy and reduces the time to count cyanobacteria and potential toxigenic Microcystis spp. in aquatic environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Hee Oh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Jeong DH, Youm MY, Kim YN, Lee KB, Sung MS, Yoon HK, Kim KT. Promoter methylation of p16, DAPK, CDH1, and TIMP-3 genes in cervical cancer: correlation with clinicopathologic characteristics. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 16:1234-40. [PMID: 16803511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the promoter methylation status of the p16, DAPK, CDH1, and TIMP-3 genes in primary cervical cancer and its correlation with clinicopathologic characteristics. Promoter methylation was evaluated using a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in 78 cervical cancer tissue specimens and 24 control, normal cervical tissue specimens. Clinicopathologic parameters were obtained from medical records, and the relationship between the discrete variables and the methylation status was evaluated. The frequencies of promoter methylation of p16, DAPK, CDH1, and TIMP-3 in cervical cancer were 57%, 44.9%, 52.6%, and 9%, respectively. Primary cervical cancer had significantly higher methylation frequencies for the p16 and DAPK promoters than did the control, normal cervix (P < 0.0001). The promoter methylation of TIMP-3 was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma (41.7% vs 3%, respectively, P= 0.0175). High-stage cancers exhibited an increased promoter methylation frequency for p16 (P= 0.0061). The promoter methylation of the p16 gene is a frequent event in cervical carcinogenesis and may have potential clinical application as a marker for the progression and prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paik Institute for Clinical Research, and Department of Pathology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 633-165 Gaegum-Dong, Busanjin-Gu, Busan 614-735, South Korea.
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Kim YH, Jeong DH, Kim D, Jeoung SC, Cho HS, Kim SK, Aratani N, Osuka A. Photophysical properties of long rodlike meso-meso-linked zinc(II) porphyrins investigated by time-resolved laser spectroscopic methods. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:76-86. [PMID: 11273603 DOI: 10.1021/ja0009976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular design of directly meso-meso-linked porphyrin arrays as a new model of light-harvesting antenna as well as a molecular photonic wire was envisaged to bring the porphyrin units closer for rapid energy transfer. For this purpose, zinc(II) 5,15-bis(3,5-bis(octyloxy)phenyl)porphyrin (Z1) and its directly meso-meso-linked porphyrin arrays up to Z128 (Zn, n represents the number of porphyrins) were synthesized. The absorption spectra of these porphyrin arrays change in a systematic manner with an increase in the number of porphyrins; the high-energy Soret bands remain at nearly the same wavelength (413-414 nm), while the low-energy exciton split Soret bands are gradually red-shifted, resulting in a progressive increase in the exciton splitting energy. The exciton splitting is nicely correlated with the values of cos[pi/(N + 1)] according to Kasha's exciton coupling theory, providing a value of 4250 cm(-1) for the exciton coupling energy in the S(2) state. The increasing red-shifts for the Q-bands are rather modest. The fluorescence excitation anisotropy spectra of the porphyrin arrays show that the photoexcitation of the high-energy Soret bands exhibits a large angle difference between absorption and emission dipoles in contrast with the photoexcitation of the low-energy exciton split Soret and Q-bands. This result indicates that the high-energy Soret bands are characteristic of the summation of the individual monomeric transitions with its overall dipole moment deviated from the array chain direction, while the low-energy Soret bands result from the exciton splitting between the monomeric transition dipoles in line with the array chain direction. From the fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetime measurements, the radiative coherent length was estimated to be 6-8 porphyrin units in the porphyrin arrays. Ultrafast fluorescence decay measurements show that the S(2) --> S(1) internal conversion process occurs in less than 1 ps in the porphyrin arrays due to the existence of exciton split band as a ladder-type deactivation channel, while this process is relatively slow in Z1 (approximately 1.6 ps). The rate of this process seems to follow the energy gap law, which is mainly determined by the energy gap between the two Soret bands of the porphyrin arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Kim
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Characteristics Control, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Jeong DH, Lee SJ, Lee JH, Bae IH, Jeong KS, Jang JJ, Lim IK, Kim MR, Lee MJ, Lee YS. Subcellular redistribution of protein kinase C isozymes is associated with rat liver cirrhotic changes induced by carbon tetrachloride or thioacetamide. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16:34-40. [PMID: 11206314 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in the alteration of signal transduction in the liver, which may contribute to the development of liver cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to examine the subcellular redistribution of PKC isozymes in rat liver cirrhosis, which is induced by two different cirrhotic chemical agents, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide (TAA). METHODS AND RESULTS Thioacetamide and CCl4 were administered to rats for 8 and 30 weeks, respectively before rats were killed and autopsies performed at 9, 20 and 30 weeks later. The TAA induced a fibrotic pattern in the liver that differed from that produced by CCl4, notably in the formation of fibrous connective tissue and the proliferation of bile ductule cells. Cholangiofibrosis and clear-cell foci were also observed in TAA-treated rats at 30 weeks. Histological examination revealed that severe cirrhotic changes were present 9 weeks after the commencement of CCl4 treatment and 30 weeks after TAA treatment. DISCUSSION When the subcellular redistribution of PKC isozymes (PKCalpha, -beta1, -delta, and -epsilon) was examined, all the PKC isozymes in CCl4-treated rats were found to be translocated to the membrane fraction, which may mean PKC activation, and then downregulated by proteolytic degradation after 9 weeks of treatment, which coincided with peak cirrhotic changes. All rats treated with CCl4 recovered to the control level after 20 weeks of treatment. In the case of TAA-treated rats, PKC isozymes were translocated to the particulate fraction of the liver after 9 weeks of treatment and this persisted in most of the rats for the duration of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS From these results, it would appear that PKC translocation preceded morphologic changes, and that an altered subcellular distribution of the PKC isozyme may be associated with the response to liver damage and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegue, Korea
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Jeong DH, Jang JJ, Lee SJ, Lee JH, Lim IK, Lee MJ, Lee YS. Expression patterns of cell cycle-related proteins in a rat cirrhotic model induced by CCl4 or thioacetamide. J Gastroenterol 2001; 36:24-32. [PMID: 11211207 DOI: 10.1007/s005350170150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the aberrant expression of cell cycle-related proteins and their biological significance in relation to cirrhosis, we compared the cirrhotic patterns induced by two different types of cirrhotic agents, CCl4 and thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. CCl4 or TAA treatment was given to rats for 8 or 30 weeks, respectively, and the livers were removed at 9, 20, and 30 weeks after the experiment began. The TAA-induced fibrotic pattern was different from the CCl4-induced one, in terms of the formation of fibrous connective tissue and the proliferation of bile ductule cells. Cholangiofibrosis and clear cell foci were also observed in TAA-treated rats at 30 weeks. Histological examination revealed severe cirrhotic changes at 9 weeks in CCl4-treated rats and at 30 weeks in TAA-treated rats. Immunoblotting for cyclin D1, E, A, B, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and their counterpart protein kinases (CDK2, 4, and CDC2) showed significant overexpression in rats with severely cirrhotic livers. The p53 tumor suppressor protein increased dramatically in the CCl4-treated group, while it was not detected in the livers of TAA-treated rats. Upregulation of p21WAF1, a CDK inhibitory protein, was detected in TAA-treated rats, but not in CCl4-treated rats. Immunohistochemical data for cyclin D1, E, and PCNA were well correlated with immunoblotting data; these proteins were increased in hepatocytes surrounding the cirrhotic lesions, suggesting that hepatocyte regeneration is correlated with cell cycle-related protein expression in cirrhotic liver. In the TAA-treated rats, the expression of these proteins was increased both in hepatocytes and in ductule cells. Our data suggest that liver cirrhosis induced by CCl4 or TAA is associated with alterations in cell cycle-related proteins, and that the expression of these proteins is responsible for hepatocyte regeneration in the damaged liver and may be involved in liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine Kyungpook National University, Daegue, Korea
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Jeon JS, Lee S, Jung KH, Jun SH, Jeong DH, Lee J, Kim C, Jang S, Yang K, Nam J, An K, Han MJ, Sung RJ, Choi HS, Yu JH, Choi JH, Cho SY, Cha SS, Kim SI, An G. T-DNA insertional mutagenesis for functional genomics in rice. Plant J 2000; 22:561-70. [PMID: 10886776 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have produced 22 090 primary transgenic rice plants that carry a T-DNA insertion, which has resulted in 18 358 fertile lines. Genomic DNA gel-blot and PCR analyses have shown that approximately 65% of the population contains more than one copy of the inserted T-DNA. Hygromycin resistance tests revealed that transgenic plants contain an average of 1.4 loci of T-DNA inserts. Therefore, it can be estimated that approximately 25 700 taggings have been generated. The binary vector used in the insertion contained the promoterless beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene with an intron and multiple splicing donors and acceptors immediately next to the right border. Therefore, this gene trap vector is able to detect a gene fusion between GUS and an endogenous gene, which is tagged by T-DNA. Histochemical GUS assays were carried out in the leaves and roots from 5353 lines, mature flowers from 7026 lines, and developing seeds from 1948 lines. The data revealed that 1.6-2.1% of tested organs were GUS-positive in the tested organs, and that their GUS expression patterns were organ- or tissue-specific or ubiquitous in all parts of the plant. The large population of T-DNA-tagged lines will be useful for identifying insertional mutants in various genes and for discovering new genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Jeon
- National Research Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Republic of Korea
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Aratani N, Osuka A, Kim YH, Jeong DH, Kim D. Extremely Long, Discrete meso - meso-Coupled Porphyrin Arrays This work was supported by Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (No. 11136221 and 11223205) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan and by CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST). The work at KRISS was supported by the National Creative Research Initiatives of the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:1458-1462. [PMID: 10777641 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(20000417)39:8<1458::aid-anie1458>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Aratani
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan)
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Sung SK, Yu GH, Nam J, Jeong DH, An G. Developmentally regulated expression of two MADS-box genes, MdMADS3 and MdMADS4, in the morphogenesis of flower buds and fruits in apple. Planta 2000; 210:519-528. [PMID: 10787044 DOI: 10.1007/s004250050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two MADS-box genes, MdMADS3 and MdMADS4, were isolated from the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cultivar Fuji, and their spatial and temporal expression patterns were studied during morphological differentiation of the flower buds and the fruits. Both MdMADS3 and MdMADS4 showed high sequence similarities to FBP2 from petunia, TM5 from tomato, and AGL2, AGL4 from Arabidopsis. Although MdMADS3 was expressed in the inner three whorls of the floral primordium, its expression was hardly detectable in developing fruit. The second gene, MdMADS4, was ubiquitously expressed in the inflorescence meristem, floral meristem, all four floral organs, and fruit. Moreover, MdMADS4 expression was high in the vascular bundles assigned to the floral tube and the carpellary vascular bundles in fruit at early developmental stages. The MdMADS4 transcript also accumulated in embryos of the developing seeds. These results suggest that MdMADS3 and MdMADS4 are involved in different functions, and that MdMADS4 may function in the important events controlling flower and fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sung
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
We present an unusual case of vascular sling, tracheal stenosis by complete cartilaginous ring, and aberrant left subclavian artery with right aortic arch that underwent successful surgical repair for the sling. These abnormalities were suspected from unusual multiple indentations found on esophagogram. Complete preoperative diagnosis was established with chest computerized tomogram combined with angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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Sung SK, Jeong DH, Nam J, Kim SH, Kim SR, An G. Expressed sequence tags of fruits, peels, and carpels and analysis of mRNA expression levels of the tagged cDNAs of fruits from the Fuji apple. Mol Cells 1998; 8:565-77. [PMID: 9856344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand molecular events during fruit development and provide genetic resources for molecular breeding, 430 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from randomly selected clones of cDNA libraries prepared from young fruits, peels of mature fruits, and carpels of the Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Database comparisons of the ESTs revealed that 180 non-redundant clones showed a high similarity with previously identified genes. Among these, 138 clones exhibited a homology with previously identified plant genes and 12 were identical to genes that were previously identified from apples. The deduced amino acid sequences of 42 clones had a homology to proteins that have not been reported from plants. Eighteen cDNA clones from the young fruit library were selected for studying expression levels and patterns in reproductive organs and leaves. This study revealed that the clones can be classified into 3 different groups based on their expression levels. The first 9 clones were expressed strongly in at least one reproductive organ. Eight of these clones (vacuolar processing protease, sucrose phosphate synthase, arabinogalactan protein, UDP-glucose glucosyl transferase, major allergen D1, cystein proteinase inhibitor, lipoxygenase, and protease subunit SUG2) were highly expressed in mature flowers and young fruits, whereas one clone (z-carotene desaturase protein precursor) was preferentially expressed in mature flowers but weakly in young fruits. The second group includes 6 cDNA clones (glucose transport protein, aminomethyl transferase precursor protein, dTDP-D-glucose-4,6-dehydrogenase, 2 types of protein kinase, and selenium binding protein) that were weakly expressed. These clones were characterized by their preferential expression patterns in mature flowers and young fruits. The transcripts of 3 cDNA clones in the third group (vacuolar aminopetidase, beta-galactosidase, and EREBP-4) were detectable only by RT-PCR and they were preferentially expressed in young fruits. These results indicate that most ESTs that were isolated from young fruits are preferentially expressed in reproductive organs and thereby play important roles during reproductive organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sung
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea
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Kim KR, Kim JH, Jeong DH, Paek DJ, Liebich HM. Gas chromatographic profiling analysis of urinary organic acids from nonsmokers and smokers. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997; 701:1-8. [PMID: 9389332 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A rapid profiling and screening procedure is described for the comparative analysis of urinary organic acids among the groups of nonsmokers and smokers. The procedure involves solid-phase extraction of organic acids using Chromosorb P in normal-phase partition mode, with subsequent single-step conversion to tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, followed by direct gas chromatographic (GC) analysis on dual-capillary columns. A total of forty-two organic acids were positively identified by retention index (I) matching in urine samples (0.25 ml) from eleven nonsmokers and fifteen smokers studied. When the GC profiles were simplified to their corresponding organic acid I spectra in bar graphical form, characteristic patterns were obtained for each individual as well as for each average of nonsmoking and smoking groups. When stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on GC data after omitting hippuric acid, seven acids were selected as the variables most discriminating between smokers and nonsmokers. The star symbol plots drawn based on these discriminants were characteristic of each individual and group average, enabling to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers. And canonical plot produced by canonical discriminant analysis using the same variables as the data vectors displayed two separate clusters representing each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Abstract
An efficient method is described for the simultaneous determination of 57 amines including volatile aliphatic amines, nonvolatile polyamines and catecholamines present in aqueous samples. The method is based on two-phase isobutyloxycarbonylation (isoBOC) with a pH shift. In 1.0 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, phenolic hydroxyl groups were allowed to react with isobutyl chloroformate in the dichloromethane phase, and subsequently pH of the aqueous phase was increased to 12.0 for the reaction of basic amino functions. The resulting N(O)-isoBOC amines were recovered by solid-phase extraction using Chromosorb P in normal phase partition mode, with subsequent tert.- butyldimethylsilylation of the remaining hydroxyl groups for gas chromatographic analysis. Using this combined procedure, linear responses were obtained in the concentration range of 0.2-12 ppm, with correlation coefficients varying from 0.945 to 0.999 for most of the amines studied except for 5-methoxytryptamine (0.864). Temperature-programmed retention index (I) sets as measured on DB-5 and DB-17 dual-capillary columns of different polarity were characteristic of each amine and thus, useful in the screening for amines by computer I matching. When applied to saliva samples, the present method allowed rapid screening for each spiked amine and unspiked polyamines such as 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kim
- College of Pharmacy, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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