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Scheyer TM, Johnson MM, Bastiaans D, Miedema F, Maxwell EE, Klug C. Oldest record of Machimosaurini (Thalattosuchia, Teleosauroidea): teeth and scavenging traces from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Switzerland. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:240071. [PMID: 38601027 PMCID: PMC11004672 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The Jurassic period was a time of major diversification for Mesozoic marine reptiles, including Ichthyosauria, Plesiosauria and thalattosuchian Crocodylomorpha. The latter originated in the Early Jurassic and thrived during the Late Jurassic. Unfortunately, the Middle Jurassic, a crucial time in their evolution, has a poor fossil record. Here, we document the first evidence of macrophagous/durophagous Machimosaurini-tribe teleosauroid thalattosuchians from the late Bajocian (ca 169 Ma) in the form of three robust tooth crowns with conical blunt shapes and anastomosed pattern of thick enamel ridges towards the apex, associated with the skeleton of a large ichthyosaur lacking preserved tooth crowns. The tooth crowns were found on the posterior section of the lower jaw (left angular), a lacrimal and the axis neural arch of the ichthyosaur. In addition, some of the distal sections of the posterior dorsal ribs of the ichthyosaur skeleton exhibit rounded bite marks and some elongated furrows that fit in size and shape with the Machimosaurini teeth. These marks, together with the absence of healing in the rib bone are interpreted here as the indicators of peri- to post-mortem scavenging by a Machimosaurini teleosauroid after the large ichthyosaur carcass settled on the floor of a shallow ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dylan Bastiaans
- Paläontologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich8006, Switzerland
| | - Feiko Miedema
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart70191, Germany
- Naturkundemuseum Bamberg, Bamberg96047, Germany
| | - Erin E. Maxwell
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart70191, Germany
| | - Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich8006, Switzerland
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Miedema F, Bastiaans D, Scheyer TM, Klug C, Maxwell EE. A large new Middle Jurassic ichthyosaur shows the importance of body size evolution in the origin of the Ophthalmosauria. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:34. [PMID: 38493100 PMCID: PMC10944604 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Middle Jurassic is an important time period for the evolutionary history of marine reptiles as it represented a transitional phase for many clades. Notably, in ichthyosaurs, many early parvipelvian taxa went extinct. The Middle Jurassic saw the emergence of the derived Ophthalmosauria, ultimately becoming the dominant ichthyosaurian clade by the end of the epoch. Even though this is an important period in the evolutionary history of Ophthalmosauria, our understanding remains limited in terms of morphology and taxonomy due to the scarcity of vertebrate-bearing strata. Here we present a large new ichthyosaur from the Bajocian of Switzerland, represented by an almost complete skull with 3D-preserved bones, the (inter)clavicles and a large portion of the postcranial skeleton. After CT- and surface scanning, we reconstructed the 3D in vivo morphology. Our morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses show that the new taxon named Argovisaurus martafernandezi is nested at the base of the Ophthalmosauria. The holotype and only known specimen of Argovisaurus likely represents an adult individual. Bajocian members of the Ophthalmosauria (Mollesaurus and Argovisaurus) were large-bodied animals, a trait typically associated with the more derived Platypterygiinae. This hints at the importance of a large body size early in ophthalmosaurian evolution.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C3312628-1544-4B87-BBE3-B12346A30BE3LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:23C2BD71-8CF0-4D99-848A-0D631518415B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiko Miedema
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, Stuttgart, 70191, Germany.
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Dylan Bastiaans
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland
- NHMB: Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, 4001, Switzerland
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klug
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland
| | - Erin E Maxwell
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, Stuttgart, 70191, Germany
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Klug C, Spiekman SNF, Bastiaans D, Scheffold B, Scheyer TM. The marine conservation deposits of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland, Italy): the prototype of Triassic black shale Lagerstätten. Swiss J Palaeontol 2024; 143:11. [PMID: 38450287 PMCID: PMC10912274 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-024-00308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Marine conservation deposits ('Konservat-Lagerstätten') are characterized by their mode of fossil preservation, faunal composition and sedimentary facies. Here, we review these characteristics with respect to the famous conservation deposit of the Besano Formation (formerly Grenzbitumenzone; including the Anisian-Ladinian boundary), and the successively younger fossil-bearing units Cava inferiore, Cava superiore, Cassina beds and the Kalkschieferzone of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland and Italy). We compare these units to a selection of important black shale-type Lagerstätten of the global Phanerozoic plus the Ediacaran in order to detect commonalities in their facies, genesis, and fossil content using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Further, we put the Monte San Giorgio type Fossillagerstätten into the context of other comparable Triassic deposits worldwide based on their fossil content. The results of the principal component and cluster analyses allow a subdivision of the 45 analysed Lagerstätten into four groups, for which we suggest the use of the corresponding pioneering localities: Burgess type for the early Palaeozoic black shales, Monte San Giorgio type for the Triassic black shales, Holzmaden type for the pyrite-rich black shales and Solnhofen type for platy limestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klug
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dylan Bastiaans
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Scheffold
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bastiaans D, Buffa V, Scheyer TM. To glide or to swim? A reinvestigation of the enigmatic Wapitisaurus problematicus (Reptilia) from the Early Triassic of British Columbia, Canada. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:231171. [PMID: 38026014 PMCID: PMC10646446 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Wapitisaurus problematicus was initially described as a member of the Weigeltisauridae, a clade of Late Permian gliding reptiles from Eurasia and Madagascar. However, the poor preservation of the holotype and only known specimen, from the lower Sulphur Mountain Formation at Ganoid Ridge (British Columbia, Canada), raised doubts about this assignment. Here, we redescribe W. problematicus and reassess its systematic position among diapsid reptiles. Comparison with all known weigeltisaurids, as well as contemporaneous reptiles from the Sulphur Mountain Formation, indicates that the taxon instead represents a thalattosauroid thalattosauriform, with noted similarities to Thalattosaurus and Paralonectes. This reidentification restricts weigeltisaurids to the Late Permian, with no occurrence in North America. Wapitisaurus problematicus potentially represents one of the oldest thalattosauriforms and increases our understanding of their diversity and disparity during the late Early and Middle Triassic. The close morphological similarities with later (thalattosauroid) thalattosauriforms and their high abundance in (shallow) marine settings may indicate an earlier invasion of this realm than previously assumed. This parallels observations in early ichthyopterygians with widespread opportunistic trophic niche diversification occurring relatively rapidly after the end-Permian mass extinction event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Bastiaans
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Buffa
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, Gauteng WITS 2050, South Africa
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris, UMR 7207 CNRS-MNHN-SU, CP38, 8 Rue Buffon, Paris, Île-de-France 75005, France
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
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Scheyer TM, Oliveira GR, Romano PSR, Bastiaans D, Falco L, Ferreira GS, Rabi M. A forged 'chimera' including the second specimen of the protostegid sea turtle Santanachelysgaffneyi and shell parts of the pleurodire Araripemys from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Group of Brazil. Swiss J Palaeontol 2023; 142:6. [PMID: 37163143 PMCID: PMC10163108 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-023-00271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fossils of Cretaceous sea turtles adapted to an open marine lifestyle remain rare finds to date. Furthermore, the relationships between extant sea turtles, chelonioids, and other Mesozoic marine turtles are still contested, with one key species being Santanachelys gaffneyi Hirayama, 1998, long considered the earliest true sea turtle. The species is an Early Cretaceous member of Protostegidae, a controversial clade either placed within or closely related to Chelonioidea or, alternatively, along the stem lineage of hidden-neck turtles (Cryptodira) and representing an independent open marine radiation. Santanachelys gaffneyi is one of the most completely preserved early protostegids and is therefore critical for establishing the global phylogenetic position of the group. However, the single known specimen of this taxon is yet to be described in detail. Here we describe a second specimen of Santanachelys gaffneyi from its type horizon, the Romualdo Formation (late Aptian) of the Santana Group of the Araripe basin, NE Brazil. The skeletal elements preserved include the posterior part of the skull, neck vertebrae, shoulder girdle, anterior-most and left/central part of the carapace with few peripherals, and plastron lacking most of the hyoplastra. The remaining part of the carapace was apparently completed by fossil dealers using an anterior part of the pleurodiran Araripemydidae, tentatively identified as a shell portion of cf. Araripemys barretoi, a more common Santana fossil turtle, among other indeterminate turtle shell fragments. The purpose of this paper is to report the repatriation of the specimen to Brazil and to provide a preliminary description. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13358-023-00271-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten M Scheyer
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo R Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia, Área de Ecologia, Laboratório de Paleontologia & Sistematica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros S/No., Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900 Brazil
| | - Pedro S R Romano
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Dylan Bastiaans
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Falco
- SCANCO Medical AG, Fabrikweg 2, 8306 Brüttisellen, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel S Ferreira
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP), Sigwartstrasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Márton Rabi
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Central Natural Science Collections, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Domstraße 4, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Balcarcel AM, Bastiaans D, Orliac MJ. Endocranial casts of Camelops hesternus and Palaeolama sp., new insights into the recent history of the camelid brain. Brain Behav Evol 2022; 98:107-120. [PMID: 36574756 PMCID: PMC10137315 DOI: 10.1159/000528762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocranial casts are capable of capturing the general brain form in extinct mammals due to the high fidelity of the endocranial cavity and the brain in this clade. Camelids, the clade including extant camels, llamas, and alpacas, today display high levels of gyrification and brain complexity. The evolutionary history of the camelid brain has been described as involving unique neocortical growth dynamics which may have led to its current state. However, these inferences are based on their fossil endocast record from approximately ~40 Mya (Eocene) to ~11 Mya (Miocene), with a gap in this record for the last ~10 million years. Here, we present the first descriptions of two camelid endocrania that document the recent history of the camelid brain: a new specimen of Palaeolama sp. from ~1.2 Mya, and the plaster endocast of Camelops hesternus, a giant camelid from ~44-11 Kya which possessed the largest brain (~990g) of all known camelids. We find that neocortical complexity evolved significantly between the Miocene and Pleistocene Epochs. Already ~1.2 Mya the camelid brain presented morphologies previously known only in extant taxa, especially in the frontal and parietal regions, which may also be phylogenetic informative. The new fossil data indicate that during the Pleistocene, camelid brain dynamics experienced neocortical invagination into the sagittal sinus rather than evagination out of it, as observed in Eocene to Miocene taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Balcarcel
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Ana M. Balcarcel,
| | - Dylan Bastiaans
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maeva J. Orliac
- Institut Des Sciences de L'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Bastiaans D, Madzia D, Carrillo-Briceño JD, Sachs S. Equatorial pliosaurid from Venezuela marks the youngest South American occurrence of the clade. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15501. [PMID: 34326353 PMCID: PMC8322105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pliosaurids were the dominant macropredators in aquatic environments at least since the Middle Jurassic until their extinction in the early Late Cretaceous. Until very recently, the Cretaceous record of Pliosauridae has been poor and difficult to interpret from the taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. Despite that the knowledge of Cretaceous pliosaurids improved in recent years, numerous aspects of their evolutionary history still remain only poorly known. Here, we report the first pliosaurid material from Venezuela. The taxon is most likely earliest Cenomanian in age, thus representing the youngest occurrence of Pliosauridae from South America. The Venezuelan taxon is based on a well-preserved tooth crown whose morphology and outer enamel structural elements appear to resemble especially those observable in the giant pliosaurid Sachicasaurus vitae from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia. The new discovery extends the pliosaurid record on the continent by more than 10 million years and likely marks the southernmost Upper Cretaceous occurrence of Pliosauridae, worldwide. We also briefly discuss the affinities of the enigmatic Venezuelan elasmosaurid Alzadasaurus tropicus and highlight similarities to elasmosaurids from the Western Interior Seaway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Bastiaans
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Madzia
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jorge D. Carrillo-Briceño
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Sachs
- Abteilung Geowissenschaften, Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld, Adenauerplatz 2, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany
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Bamford A, Turkova A, Lyall H, Foster C, Klein N, Bastiaans D, Burger D, Bernadi S, Butler K, Chiappini E, Clayden P, Della Negra M, Giacomet V, Giaquinto C, Gibb D, Galli L, Hainaut M, Koros M, Marques L, Nastouli E, Niehues T, Noguera-Julian A, Rojo P, Rudin C, Scherpbier HJ, Tudor-Williams G, Welch SB. Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines for treatment of paediatric HIV-1 infection 2015: optimizing health in preparation for adult life. HIV Med 2015; 19:e1-e42. [PMID: 25649230 PMCID: PMC5724658 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2015 Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines provide practical recommendations on the management of HIV‐1 infection in children in Europe and are an update to those published in 2009. Aims of treatment have progressed significantly over the last decade, moving far beyond limitation of short‐term morbidity and mortality to optimizing health status for adult life and minimizing the impact of chronic HIV infection on immune system development and health in general. Additionally, there is a greater need for increased awareness and minimization of long‐term drug toxicity. The main updates to the previous guidelines include: an increase in the number of indications for antiretroviral therapy (ART) at all ages (higher CD4 thresholds for consideration of ART initiation and additional clinical indications), revised guidance on first‐ and second‐line ART recommendations, including more recently available drug classes, expanded guidance on management of coinfections (including tuberculosis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C) and additional emphasis on the needs of adolescents as they approach transition to adult services. There is a new section on the current ART ‘pipeline’ of drug development, a comprehensive summary table of currently recommended ART with dosing recommendations. Differences between PENTA and current US and World Health Organization guidelines are highlighted and explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bamford
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Turkova
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - H Lyall
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Foster
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - N Klein
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Bastiaans
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegan, The Netherlands
| | - D Burger
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegan, The Netherlands
| | - S Bernadi
- University Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - K Butler
- Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin & University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Chiappini
- Meyer University Hospital, Florence University, Florence, Italy
| | | | - M Della Negra
- Emilio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Giacomet
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Giaquinto
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - D Gibb
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - L Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, Pediatric Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Hainaut
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Saint-Pierre, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Koros
- Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - L Marques
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Pediatric Department, Porto Central Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Nastouli
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - T Niehues
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, HELIOS Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - A Noguera-Julian
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Rojo
- 12th of October Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Rudin
- University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H J Scherpbier
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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