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Lu P, Guerin DJ, Lin S, Chaudhury S, Ackerman ME, Bolton DL, Wallqvist A. Immunoprofiling Correlates of Protection Against SHIV Infection in Adjuvanted HIV-1 Pox-Protein Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625030. [PMID: 34046030 PMCID: PMC8144500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains a major public health threat due to its incurable nature and the lack of a highly efficacious vaccine. The RV144 vaccine trial is the only clinical study to date that demonstrated significant but modest decrease in HIV infection risk. To improve HIV-1 vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy, we recently evaluated pox-protein vaccination using a next generation liposome-based adjuvant, Army Liposomal Formulation adsorbed to aluminum (ALFA), in rhesus monkeys and observed 90% efficacy against limiting dose mucosal SHIV challenge in male animals. Here, we analyzed binding antibody responses, as assessed by Fc array profiling using a broad range of HIV-1 envelope antigens and Fc features, to explore the mechanisms of ALFA-mediated protection by employing machine learning and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. We found that Fcγ receptor 2a-related binding antibody responses were augmented by ALFA relative to aluminium hydroxide, and these responses were associated with reduced risk of infection in male animals. Our results highlight the application of systems serology to provide mechanistic insights to vaccine-elicited protection and support evidence that antibody effector responses protect against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyi Lu
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Dylan J Guerin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Shu Lin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Diane L Bolton
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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Abstract
The ability to regrow lost or damaged tissues is widespread, but highly variable among animals. Understanding this variation remains a challenge in regeneration biology. Numerous studies from Hydra to mouse have shown that apoptosis acts as a potent and necessary mechanism in regeneration. Much is known about the involvement of apoptosis during normal development in regulating the number and type of cells in the body. In the context of regeneration, apoptosis also regulates cell number and proliferation in tissue remodeling. Apoptosis acts both early in the process to stimulate regeneration and later to regulate regenerative patterning. Multiple studies indicate that apoptosis acts as a signal to stimulate proliferation within the regenerative tissues, producing the cells needed for full regeneration. The conservation of apoptosis as a regenerative mechanism demonstrated across species highlights its importance and motivates the continued investigation of this important facet of programmed cell death. This review summarizes what is known about the roles of apoptosis during regeneration, and compares regenerative apoptosis with the mechanisms and function of apoptosis in development. Defining the complexity of regenerative apoptosis will contribute to new knowledge and perspectives for understanding mechanisms of apoptosis induction and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Guerin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Cindy X Kha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kelly Ai-Sun Tseng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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3
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Kha CX, Guerin DJ, Tseng KAS. Studying In Vivo Retinal Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Xenopus laevis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2092:19-33. [PMID: 31786778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0175-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficient generation and maintenance of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are key goals needed for developing strategies for productive eye repair. Although vertebrate eye development and retinogenesis are well characterized, the mechanisms that can initiate RPC proliferation following injury-induced regrowth and repair remain unknown. This is partly because endogenous RPC proliferation typically occurs during embryogenesis while studies of retinal regeneration have largely utilized adult (or mature) models. We found that embryos of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, successfully regrew functional eyes after ablation. The initiation of regrowth induced a robust RPC proliferative response with a concomitant delay of the endogenous RPC differentiation program. During eye regrowth, overall embryonic development proceeded normally. Here, we provide a protocol to study regrowth-dependent RPC proliferation in vivo. This system represents a robust and low-cost strategy to rapidly define fundamental mechanisms that regulate regrowth-initiated RPC proliferation, which will facilitate progress in identifying promising strategies for productive eye repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X Kha
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Dylan J Guerin
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Kelly Ai-Sun Tseng
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Kha CX, Guerin DJ, Tseng KAS. Using the Xenopus Developmental Eye Regrowth System to Distinguish the Role of Developmental Versus Regenerative Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2019; 10:502. [PMID: 31139088 PMCID: PMC6518849 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A longstanding challenge in regeneration biology is to understand the role of developmental mechanisms in restoring lost or damaged tissues and organs. As these body structures were built during embryogenesis, it is not surprising that a number of developmental mechanisms are also active during regeneration. However, it remains unclear whether developmental mechanisms act similarly or differently during regeneration as compared to development. Since regeneration is studied in the context of mature, differentiated tissues, it is difficult to evaluate comparative studies with developmental processes due to the latter's highly proliferative environment. We have taken a more direct approach to study regeneration in a developmental context (regrowth). Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, is a well-established model for both embryology and regeneration studies, especially for the eye. Xenopus eye development is well-defined. Xenopus is also an established model for retinal and lens regeneration studies. Previously, we demonstrated that Xenopus tailbud embryo can successfully regrow a functional eye that is morphologically indistinguishable from an age-matched control eye. In this study, we assessed the temporal regulation of retinal differentiation and patterning restoration during eye regrowth. Our findings showed that during regrowth, cellular patterning and retinal layer formation was delayed by approximately 1 day but was restored by 3 days when compared to eye development. An assessment of the differentiation of ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, and Müller glia indicated that the retinal birth order generated during regrowth was consistent with that observed for eye development. Thus, retina differentiation and patterning during regrowth is similar to endogenous eye development. We used this eye regrowth model to assess the role of known mechanisms in development versus regrowth. Loss-of-function studies showed that Pax6 was required for both eye development and regrowth whereas apoptosis was only required for regrowth. Together, these results revealed that the mechanisms required for both development and regrowth can be distinguished from regrowth-specific ones. Our study highlights this developmental model of eye regrowth as a robust platform to systematically and efficiently define the molecular mechanisms that are required for regeneration versus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X Kha
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Dylan J Guerin
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kelly Ai-Sun Tseng
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Armstrong DA, Green BB, Blair BA, Guerin DJ, Litzky JF, Chavan NR, Pearson KJ, Marsit CJ. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with mitochondrial DNA methylation. Environ Epigenet 2016; 2:dvw020. [PMID: 28979800 PMCID: PMC5624552 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has detrimental effects on fetal development and on the health of the offspring into adulthood. Energy homeostasis through ATP production via the mitochondria (mt) plays a key role during pregnancy. This study aimed to determine if MSDP resulted in differences in DNA methylation to the placental mitochondrial chromosome at the transcription and replication control region, the D-Loop, and if these differences were also present in an alternate neonatal tissue (foreskin) in an independent birth cohort. We investigated mtDNA methylation by bisulfite-pyrosequencing in two sections of the D-Loop control region and in long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) genomic sequences in placenta from 96 mother-newborn pairs that were enrolled in a Rhode Island birth cohort along with foreskin samples from 62 infants from a Kentucky birth cohort. In both placenta and foreskin, mtDNA methylation in the light chain D-Loop region 1 was positively associated with MSDP in placenta (difference+2.73%) (P=0.001) and foreskin (difference+1.22%) (P=0.08). Additionally, in foreskin, a second segment of the D-Loop-heavy chain region 1 showed a small but significant change in methylation with MSDP (+0.4%, P=0.04). No methylation changes were noted in either tissue at the LINE-1 repetitive element. We identified a similar pattern of epigenetic effect to mitochondria arising in cells from different primordial lineages and in different populations, associated with MSDP. These robust and consistent results build evidence that MSDP may impact mt D-Loop methylation, as one mechanism through which this exposure affects newborn health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Niraj R. Chavan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine
| | - Kevin J. Pearson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- *Correspondence address. Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Tel: +404-712-8912; Fax: 404-727-8744; E-mail: Marsit:
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Green BB, Houseman EA, Johnson KC, Guerin DJ, Armstrong DA, Christensen BC, Marsit CJ. Hydroxymethylation is uniquely distributed within term placenta, and is associated with gene expression. FASEB J 2016; 30:2874-84. [PMID: 27118675 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600310r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of cytosine to 5-methylcystosine (5mC) is an important regulator of gene expression. 5mC may be enzymatically converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), with a potentially distinct regulatory function. We sought to investigate these cytosine modifications and their effect on gene expression by parallel processing of genomic DNA using bisulfite and oxidative bisulfite conversion in conjunction with RNA sequencing. Although values of 5hmC across the placental genome were generally low, we identified ∼21,000 loci with consistently elevated levels of 5-hydroxymethycytosine. Absence of 5hmC was observed in CpG islands and, to a greater extent, in non-CpG island-associated regions. 5hmC was enriched within poised enhancers, and depleted within active enhancers, as defined by H3K27ac and H3K4me1 measurements. 5hmC and 5mC were significantly elevated in transcriptionally silent genes when compared with actively transcribed genes. 5hmC was positively associated with transcription in actively transcribed genes only. Our data suggest that dynamic cytosine regulation, associated with transcription, provides the most complete epigenomic landscape of the human placenta, and will be useful for future studies of the placental epigenome.-Green, B. B., Houseman, E. A., Johnson, K. C., Guerin, D. J., Armstrong, D. A., Christensen, B. C., Marsit, C. J. Hydroxymethylation is uniquely distributed within term placenta, and is associated with gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Green
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; and
| | - E Andres Houseman
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kevin C Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; and
| | - Dylan J Guerin
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; and
| | - David A Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; and
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; and
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; and
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Paquette AG, Lester BM, Lesseur C, Armstrong DA, Guerin DJ, Appleton AA, Marsit CJ. Placental epigenetic patterning of glucocorticoid response genes is associated with infant neurodevelopment. Epigenomics 2015; 7:767-79. [PMID: 26343289 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine associations between methylation of NR3C1, HSD11B2, FKBP5 and ADCYAP1R1 and newborn neurobehavioral outcomes. METHODS In 537 newborns, placental methylation was quantified using bisulfite pyrosequencing. Profiles of neurobehavior were derived via the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scales. Using exploratory factor analysis, the relationships between methylation factor scores and neurobehavioral profiles were examined. RESULTS Increased scores of the factor characterized by NR3C1 methylation were associated with membership in a reactive, poorly regulated profile (odds ratio: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.00-2.18), while increased scores of the factor characterized by HSD11B2 methylation reduced this risk. CONCLUSION These results suggest that coordinated regulation of these genes influences neurobehavior and demonstrates the importance of examining these alterations in a harmonized fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Paquette
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women & Infants Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David A Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dylan J Guerin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Green BB, Kappil M, Lambertini L, Armstrong DA, Guerin DJ, Sharp AJ, Lester BM, Chen J, Marsit CJ. Expression of imprinted genes in placenta is associated with infant neurobehavioral development. Epigenetics 2015. [PMID: 26198301 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1073880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting disorders often exhibit delayed neurobehavioral development, suggesting this unique mechanism of epigenetic regulation plays a role in mental and neurological health. While major errors in imprinting have been linked to adverse health outcomes, there has been little research conducted on how moderate variability in imprinted gene expression within a population contributes to differences in neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly at birth. Here, we profiled the expression of 108 known and putative imprinted genes in human placenta samples from 615 infants assessed by the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Network Neurobehavioral Scales (NNNS). Data reduction identified 10 genes (DLX5, DHCR24, VTRNA2-1, PHLDA2, NPAP1, FAM50B, GNAS-AS1, PAX8-AS1, SHANK2, and COPG2IT1) whose expression could distinguish between newborn neurobehavioral profiles derived from the NNNS. Clustering infants based on the expression pattern of these genes identified 2 groups of infants characterized by reduced quality of movement, increased signs of asymmetrical and non-optimal reflexes, and increased odds of demonstrating increased signs of physiologic stress and abstinence. Overall, these results suggest that common variation in placental imprinted gene expression is linked to suboptimal performance on scales of neurological functioning as well as with increased signs of physiologic stress, highlighting the central importance of the control of expression of these genes in the placenta for neurobehavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Green
- a Department of Epidemiology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology ; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College ; Hanover , NH USA
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Green BB, Armstrong DA, Lesseur C, Paquette AG, Guerin DJ, Kwan LE, Marsit CJ. The Role of Placental 11-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and Type 2 Methylation on Gene Expression and Infant Birth Weight. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:149. [PMID: 25788665 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.128066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress has been linked to infant birth weight outcomes, which itself may be associated with health later in life. The placenta acts as a master regulator for the fetal environment, mediating intrauterine exposures to stress through the activity of genes regulating glucocorticoids, including the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) type 1 and 2 genes, and so we hypothesized that variation in these genes will be associated with infant birth weight. We investigated DNA methylation levels at six sites across the two genes, as well as mRNA expression for each, and the relationship to infant birth weight. Logistic regressions correcting for potential confounding factors revealed a significant association between methylation at a single CpG site within HSD11B1 and being born large for gestational age. In addition, our analysis identified correlations between methylation and gene expression, including sex-specific transcriptional regulation of HSD11B2. Our work is one of the first comprehensive views of DNA methylation and expression in the placenta for both HSD11B types 1 and 2, linking epigenetic alterations with the regulation of fetal stress and birth weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Green
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David A Armstrong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alison G Paquette
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Dylan J Guerin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Lauren E Kwan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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Horstmann TE, Guerin DJ, Miller SJ. Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Azide to alpha,beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Simple Peptides This research was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (GM-57595). We are also grateful to the U.S. National Science Foundation for generous support in the form of a CAREER Award (CHE-9874963). In addition, we thank DuPont, Eli Lilly, Glaxo-Wellcome, and the Merck Chemistry Council for research support. S.J.M. is a Fellow of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, a Cottrell Scholar of Research Corporation, and a Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:3635-3638. [PMID: 11091422 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001016)39:20<3635::aid-anie3635>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TE Horstmann
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860 (USA)
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Abstract
[formula: see text] A new protocol for the beta-azidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is described. The method employs tertiary amines as catalysts for azide addition. The azide source is a 1:1 mixture of TMSN3 and AcOH. Tertiary amines, either in solution or bound to a solid support, are efficient catalysts for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Guerin
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, USA
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Guerin DJ, Mazeas D, Musale MS, Naguib FN, Al Safarjalani ON, el Kouni MH, Panzica RP. Uridine phosphorylase inhibitors: chemical modification of benzyloxybenzyl-barbituric acid and its effects on urdpase inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1477-80. [PMID: 10386920 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5-(o-Benzyloxy)benzylbarbituric acid (6) and 5-(p-benzyloxy)benzylbarbituric acid (7) were prepared and their inhibitory activities compared to 5-(m-benzyloxy)-benzylbarbituric acid (BBB) a known, potent inhibitor of uridine phosphorylase (UrdPase). Compounds 6 and 7 were 18-fold and 51-fold less active, respectively, than BBB in inhibiting UrdPase. These data provide solid evidence that the 5-benzylbarbituric acids possessing meta substituents are the most active inhibitors. In addition, 2-thioBBB (11) was synthesized and it was shown to be as active an inhibitor as BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Guerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881-0809, USA
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