SHIP-1 inhibits CD95/APO-1/Fas-induced apoptosis in primary T lymphocytes and T leukemic cells by promoting CD95 glycosylation independently of its phosphatase activity

SHIP-1 (SH2 (Src homology 2)-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase-1) functions as a negative regulator of immune responses by hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate generated by phosphoinositide-3 (PI 3)-kinase activity. As a result, SHIP-1 deficiency in mice results in myeloproliferation and B-cell lymphoma. On the other hand, SHIP-1-deficient mice have a reduced T-cell population, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this work, we hypothesized that SHIP-1 plays anti-apoptotic functions in T cells upon stimulation of the death receptor CD95/APO-1/Fas. Using primary T cells from SHIP-1(-/-) mice and T leukemic cell lines, we report that SHIP-1 is a potent inhibitor of CD95-induced death. We observed that a small fraction of the SHIP-1 pool is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in which it promotes CD95 glycosylation. This post-translational modification requires an intact SH2 domain of SHIP-1, but is independent of its phosphatase activity. The glycosylated CD95 fails to oligomerize upon stimulation, resulting in impaired death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and downstream apoptotic cascade. These results uncover an unanticipated inhibitory function for SHIP-1 and emphasize the role of glycosylation in the regulation of CD95 signaling in T cells. This work may also provide a new basis for therapeutic strategies using compounds inducing apoptosis through the CD95 pathway on SHIP-1-negative leukemic T cells.

[Varicelle zoster virus, an alphaherpesvirus different from others]

Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus responsible for two well-known pathologies. It is indeed the etiological agent of varicella (chickenpox), a childhood infection and zoster (shingles) which results from the reactivation of the virus remained latent in sensory ganglia. Only eight of the 120 Herpesviruses described so far, among which VZV and Herpes Simplex type-1 and type 2 (HSV-1, -2), are able to infect humans. For many years, HSV-1, which has been extensively studied has been considered as the prototype of this family. Nevertheless, data accumulated over the last 15 years tend to demonstrate that VZV is quite different from its cousin, particularly concerning the mechanisms that control latency. Epidemiological data confirm the differences between these two viruses : in our temperate countries, VZV infects very young children and zoster, usually observed only once is more frequent in the elderly. On the contrary, primary infections due to HSV-1 happen later and reactivations episodes are numerous and decrease with age. A better understanding of the VZV biology has allowed to develop efficacious antiviral compounds and to produce a vaccine whose efficacy has been demonstrated in the United States where a universal varicella vaccination program has started 10 years ago.

Virus neutralising antibodies against 22 bovine viral diarrhoea virus isolates in vaccinated calves

Seven of nine colostrum deprived calves, free from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), were vaccinated with a commercially available vaccine containing two inactivated strains of BVDV, an inactivated strain of bovine herpesvirus-1 and modified-live strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and para-influenza-3 virus. The two other calves were kept as controls. The virus neutralising (VN) antibodies induced by vaccination were tested against 22 antigenically diverse BVDV isolates, including reference strains and field isolates, both cytopathic and non-cytopathic, as well as genotypes I and II. The strains were isolated in Belgium, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the USA. While there were variations in the VN titres of the individual calves against all the strains, serum from the seven animals neutralised 20 or more of the strains tested. From the results, it can be concluded that the vaccine can stimulate the production of VN antibodies capable of neutralising a wide range of European and American isolates of BVDV, including genotypes I and II.