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Hill MP, Williams GJ, Kalantar DH, Bachmann B, Martinez DA, Stan CV, Murphy A, Arend MJ, Mercado GA, Wong HC, Dunn Z, Santos CD, Lockard TE, Gumbrell ET, Rudd RE, McNaney JM, Le Galloudec KK, Remington BA, Park HS. Characterization of a 1D-imaging high-energy x-ray backlighter driven by the National Ignition Facility Advanced Radiographic Capability laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:103506. [PMID: 36319395 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic deformation of samples compressed to Mbar pressures at high strain rates at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) forms the basis of ongoing material strength experiments in conditions relevant to meteor impacts, geophysics, armor development, and inertial confinement fusion. Hard x-ray radiography is the primary means of measuring the evolution of these samples, typically employing a slit-collimated high-Z microdot driven by the NIF laser to generate >40 keV x rays [E. Gumbrell et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 10G118 (2018) and C. M. Huntington et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 10G121 (2018)]. Alternatively, a dysprosium "micro-flag" target driven by the Advanced Radiographic Capability laser (∼2 kJ, 10 ps) can deliver significantly higher spatiotemporal resolution [M. P. Hill et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 033535 (2021)], especially in high-opacity samples. Initial experiments revealed problematic brightness and spectral gradients from this source, but by radiographing a set of diamond-turned, 105 µm-thick Pb test objects and supported by simulations using the 3D Monte Carlo code GEANT4, these geometry-dependent gradients across the field of view are quantified and mitigation strategies are assessed. In addition to significantly enhancing the modulation transfer function compared to the existing system, image stacking from multiple layers of image plate is shown to almost double the signal to noise ratio that will reduce uncertainties in future dynamic strength experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Hill
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G J Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Martinez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C V Stan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Murphy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Arend
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G A Mercado
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H C Wong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Z Dunn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C D Santos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - R E Rudd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K K Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Hill MP, Williams GJ, Zylstra AB, Stan CV, Lockard TE, Gumbrell ET, Rudd RE, Powell PD, Swift DC, McNaney JM, Le Galloudec KK, Remington BA, Park HS. High resolution >40 keV x-ray radiography using an edge-on micro-flag backlighter at NIF-ARC. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033535. [PMID: 33820053 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiography of low-contrast features in high-density materials evolving on a nanosecond timescale requires a bright photon source in the tens of keV range with high temporal and spatial resolution. One application for sources in this category is the study of dynamic material strength in samples compressed to Mbar pressures at the National Ignition Facility, high-resolution measurements of plastic deformation under conditions relevant to meteor impacts, geophysics, armor development, and inertial confinement fusion. We present radiographic data and the modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis of a multi-component test object probed at ∼100 keV effective backlighter energy using a 5 μm-thin dysprosium foil driven by the NIF Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) short-pulse laser (∼2 kJ, 10 ps). The thin edge of the foil acts as a bright line-projection source of hard x rays, which images the test object at 13.2× magnification into a filtered and shielded image plate detector stack. The system demonstrates a superior contrast of shallow (5 μm amplitude) sinusoidal ripples on gold samples up to 90 μm thick as well as enhanced spatial and temporal resolution using only a small fraction of the laser energy compared to an existing long-pulse-driven backlighter used routinely at the NIF for dynamic strength experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Hill
- AWE Plc, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - G J Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - C V Stan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | | | - R E Rudd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - P D Powell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - K K Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore California 94550, USA
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Patankar S, Gumbrell ET, Robinson TS, Floyd E, Stuart NH, Moore AS, Skidmore JW, Smith RA. Absolute calibration of optical streak cameras on picosecond time scales using supercontinuum generation. Appl Opt 2017; 56:6982-6987. [PMID: 29048046 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.006982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a new method using high-stability, laser-driven supercontinuum generation in a liquid cell to calibrate the absolute photon response of fast optical streak cameras as a function of wavelength when operating at fastest sweep speeds. A stable, pulsed white light source based around the use of self-phase modulation in a salt solution was developed to provide the required brightness on picosecond time scales, enabling streak camera calibration in fully dynamic operation. The measured spectral brightness allowed for absolute photon response calibration over a broad spectral range (425-650 nm). Calibrations performed with two Axis Photonique streak cameras using the Photonis P820PSU streak tube demonstrated responses that qualitatively follow the photocathode response. Peak sensitivities were one photon/count above background. The absolute dynamic sensitivity is less than the static by up to an order of magnitude. We attribute this to the dynamic response of the phosphor being lower.
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Suzuki-Vidal F, Clayson T, Stehlé C, Swadling GF, Foster JM, Skidmore J, Graham P, Burdiak GC, Lebedev SV, Chaulagain U, Singh RL, Gumbrell ET, Patankar S, Spindloe C, Larour J, Kozlova M, Rodriguez R, Gil JM, Espinosa G, Velarde P, Danson C. Counterpropagating Radiative Shock Experiments on the Orion Laser. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:055001. [PMID: 28949745 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present new experiments to study the formation of radiative shocks and the interaction between two counterpropagating radiative shocks. The experiments are performed at the Orion laser facility, which is used to drive shocks in xenon inside large aspect ratio gas cells. The collision between the two shocks and their respective radiative precursors, combined with the formation of inherently three-dimensional shocks, provides a novel platform particularly suited for the benchmarking of numerical codes. The dynamics of the shocks before and after the collision are investigated using point-projection x-ray backlighting while, simultaneously, the electron density in the radiative precursor was measured via optical laser interferometry. Modeling of the experiments using the 2D radiation hydrodynamic codes nym and petra shows very good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Suzuki-Vidal
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - T Clayson
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - C Stehlé
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - G F Swadling
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - J M Foster
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J Skidmore
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - P Graham
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - G C Burdiak
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - S V Lebedev
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - U Chaulagain
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - R L Singh
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - E T Gumbrell
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - S Patankar
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - C Spindloe
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - J Larour
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, PSL Research University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - M Kozlova
- Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI), Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - R Rodriguez
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - J M Gil
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - G Espinosa
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - P Velarde
- Instituto de Fusion Nuclear, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Danson
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
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Patankar S, Gumbrell ET, Robinson TS, Lowe HF, Giltrap S, Price CJ, Stuart NH, Kemshall P, Fyrth J, Luis J, Skidmore JW, Smith RA. Multiwavelength interferometry system for the Orion laser facility. Appl Opt 2015; 54:10592-10598. [PMID: 26837022 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.010592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design and testing of a multiwavelength interferometry system for the Orion laser facility based upon the use of self-path matching Wollaston prisms. The use of UV corrected achromatic optics allows for both easy alignment with an eye-safe light source and small (∼ millimeter) offsets to the focal lengths between different operational wavelengths. Interferograms are demonstrated at wavelengths corresponding to first, second, and fourth harmonics of a 1054 nm Nd:glass probe beam. Example data confirms the broadband achromatic capability of the imaging system with operation from the UV (263 nm) to visible (527 nm) and demonstrates that features as small as 5 μm can be resolved for object sizes of 15 by 10 mm. Results are also shown for an off-harmonic wavelength that will underpin a future capability. The primary optics package is accommodated inside the footprint of a ten-inch manipulator to allow the system to be deployed from a multitude of viewing angles inside the 4 m diameter Orion target chamber.
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Price CJ, Donnelly TD, Giltrap S, Stuart NH, Parker S, Patankar S, Lowe HF, Drew D, Gumbrell ET, Smith RA. An in-vacuo optical levitation trap for high-intensity laser interaction experiments with isolated microtargets. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:033502. [PMID: 25832224 DOI: 10.1063/1.4908285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, construction, and characterisation of a new class of in-vacuo optical levitation trap optimised for use in high-intensity, high-energy laser interaction experiments. The system uses a focused, vertically propagating continuous wave laser beam to capture and manipulate micro-targets by photon momentum transfer at much longer working distances than commonly used by optical tweezer systems. A high speed (10 kHz) optical imaging and signal acquisition system was implemented for tracking the levitated droplets position and dynamic behaviour under atmospheric and vacuum conditions, with ±5 μm spatial resolution. Optical trapping of 10 ± 4 μm oil droplets in vacuum was demonstrated, over timescales of >1 h at extended distances of ∼40 mm from the final focusing optic. The stability of the levitated droplet was such that it would stay in alignment with a ∼7 μm irradiating beam focal spot for up to 5 min without the need for re-adjustment. The performance of the trap was assessed in a series of high-intensity (10(17) W cm(-2)) laser experiments that measured the X-ray source size and inferred free-electron temperature of a single isolated droplet target, along with a measurement of the emitted radio-frequency pulse. These initial tests demonstrated the use of optically levitated microdroplets as a robust target platform for further high-intensity laser interaction and point source studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Price
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - T D Donnelly
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - S Giltrap
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - N H Stuart
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Parker
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Patankar
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - H F Lowe
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - D Drew
- Radiation Physics, AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - E T Gumbrell
- Radiation Physics, AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - R A Smith
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Bentley CD, Edwards RD, Andrew JE, James SF, Gardner MD, Comley AJ, Vaughan K, Horsfield CJ, Rubery MS, Rothman SD, Daykin S, Masoero SJ, Palmer JB, Meadowcroft AL, Williams BM, Gumbrell ET, Fyrth JD, Brown CRD, Hill MP, Oades K, Wright MJ, Hood BA, Kemshall P. ORION laser target diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D732. [PMID: 23126904 DOI: 10.1063/1.4748850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ORION laser facility is one of the UK's premier laser facilities which became operational at AWE in 2010. Its primary mission is one of stockpile stewardship, ORION will extend the UK's experimental plasma physics capability to the high temperature, high density regime relevant to Atomic Weapons Establishment's (AWE) program. The ORION laser combines ten laser beams operating in the ns regime with two sub ps short pulse chirped pulse amplification beams. This gives the UK a unique combined long pulse/short pulse laser capability which is not only available to AWE personnel but also gives access to our international partners and visiting UK academia. The ORION laser facility is equipped with a comprehensive suite of some 45 diagnostics covering optical, particle, and x-ray diagnostics all able to image the laser target interaction point. This paper focuses on a small selection of these diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bentley
- Plasma Physics Department, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, England, UK.
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Hohenberger M, Symes DR, Lazarus J, Doyle HW, Carley RE, Moore AS, Gumbrell ET, Notley MM, Clarke RJ, Dunne M, Smith RA. Observation of a velocity domain cooling instability in a radiative shock. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:205003. [PMID: 21231241 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.205003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on experimental investigations into strong, laser-driven, radiative shocks in cluster media. Cylindrical shocks launched with several joules of deposited energy exhibit strong radiative effects including rapid deceleration, radiative preheat, and shell thinning. Using time-resolved propagation data from single-shot streaked Schlieren measurements, we have observed temporal modulations on the shock velocity, which we attribute to the thermal cooling instability, a process which is believed to occur in supernova remnants but until now has not been observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hohenberger
- Laser Consortium, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom.
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Moore AS, Gumbrell ET, Lazarus J, Hohenberger M, Robinson JS, Smith RA, Plant TJA, Symes DR, Dunne M. Full-trajectory diagnosis of laser-driven radiative blast waves in search of thermal plasma instabilities. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:055001. [PMID: 18352379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Experimental investigations into the dynamics of cylindrical, laser-driven, high-Mach-number shocks are used to study the thermal cooling instability predicted to occur in astrophysical radiative blast waves. A streaked Schlieren technique measures the full blast-wave trajectory on a single-shot basis, which is key for observing shock velocity oscillations. Electron density profiles and deceleration parameters associated with radiative blast waves were recorded, enabling the calculation of important blast-wave parameters including the fraction of radiated energy, epsilon, as a function of time for comparison with radiation-hydrodynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Plasma Physics Division, AWE Aldermaston, RG7 4PR. United Kingdom.
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Ditmire T, Gumbrell ET, Smith RA, Tisch JW, Meyerhofer DD, Hutchinson MH. Spatial Coherence Measurement of Soft X-Ray Radiation Produced by High Order Harmonic Generation. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:4756-4759. [PMID: 10062623 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Ditmire T, Gumbrell ET, Smith RA, Mountford L, Hutchinson MH. Supersonic Ionization Wave Driven by Radiation Transport in a Short-Pulse Laser-Produced Plasma. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:498-501. [PMID: 10062826 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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