1
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Game OS, Thornber T, Cepero-Mejías F, Infante-Ortega LC, Togay M, Cassella EJ, Kilbride RC, Gordon RH, Mullin N, Greenhalgh RC, Isherwood PJM, Walls JM, Fairclough JPA, Lidzey DG. Direct Integration of Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon Fiber Substrates. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2209950. [PMID: 37001880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrating photovoltaic devices onto the surface of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer substrates should create materials with high mechanical strength that are also able to generate electrical power. Such devices are anticipated to find ready applications as structural, energy-harvesting systems in both the automotive and aeronautical sectors. Here, the fabrication of triple-cation perovskite n-i-p solar cells onto the surface of planarized carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer substrates is demonstrated, with devices utilizing a transparent top ITO contact. These devices also contain a "wrinkled" SiO2 interlayer placed between the device and substrate that alleviates thermally induced cracking of the bottom ITO layer. Devices are found to have a maximum stabilized power conversion efficiency of 14.5% and a specific power (power per weight) of 21.4 W g-1 (without encapsulation), making them highly suitable for mobile power applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar S Game
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Timothy Thornber
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Fernando Cepero-Mejías
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Luis C Infante-Ortega
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Mustafa Togay
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Elena J Cassella
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Rachel C Kilbride
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Robert H Gordon
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Nic Mullin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Rachael C Greenhalgh
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Patrick J M Isherwood
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - J Michael Walls
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - J Patrick A Fairclough
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
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2
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Spooner ELK, Cassella EJ, Smith JA, Catley TE, Burholt S, Lidzey DG. Air-Knife-Assisted Spray Coating of Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:39625-39635. [PMID: 37428479 PMCID: PMC10450690 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) have risen dramatically since the introduction of the "Y-series" of non-fullerene acceptors. However, the demonstration of rapid scalable deposition techniques to deposit such systems is rare. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the deposition of a Y-series-based system using ultrasonic spray coating─a technique with the potential for significantly faster deposition speeds than most traditional meniscus-based methods. Through the use of an air-knife to rapidly remove the casting solvent, we can overcome film reticulation, allowing the drying dynamics to be controlled without the use of solvent additives, heating the substrate, or heating the casting solution. The air-knife also facilitates the use of a non-halogenated, low-toxicity solvent, resulting in industrially relevant, spray-coated PM6:DTY6 devices with PCEs of up to 14.1%. We also highlight the obstacles for scalable coating of Y-series-based solar cells, in particular the influence of slower drying times on blend morphology and crystallinity. This work demonstrates the compatibility of ultrasonic spray coating, and use of an air-knife, with high-speed, roll-to-roll OSC manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. K. Spooner
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PY, United Kingdom
| | - Elena J. Cassella
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United
Kingdom
| | - Joel A. Smith
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Catley
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United
Kingdom
| | - Sam Burholt
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Lidzey
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United
Kingdom
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3
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Thornber T, Game OS, Cassella EJ, O’Kane ME, Bishop JE, Routledge TJ, Alanazi TI, Togay M, Isherwood PJM, Infante-Ortega LC, Hammond DB, Walls JM, Lidzey DG. Nonplanar Spray-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:37587-37594. [PMID: 35920712 PMCID: PMC9412839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spray coating is an industrially mature technique used to deposit thin films that combines high throughput with the ability to coat nonplanar surfaces. Here, we explore the use of ultrasonic spray coating to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) over rigid, nonplanar surfaces without problems caused by solution dewetting and subsequent "run-off". Encouragingly, we find that PSCs can be spray-coated using our processes onto glass substrates held at angles of inclination up to 45° away from the horizontal, with such devices having comparable power conversion efficiencies (up to 18.3%) to those spray-cast onto horizontal substrates. Having established that our process can be used to create PSCs on surfaces that are not horizontal, we fabricate devices over a convex glass substrate, with devices having a maximum power conversion efficiency of 12.5%. To our best knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration of a rigid, curved perovskite solar cell. The integration of perovskite photovoltaics onto curved surfaces will likely find direct applications in the aerospace and automotive sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Thornber
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Onkar S. Game
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Elena J. Cassella
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E. O’Kane
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Bishop
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Routledge
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek I. Alanazi
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, Northern
Border University, Arar 73222, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Togay
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J. M. Isherwood
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Luis C. Infante-Ortega
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah B. Hammond
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Walls
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Lidzey
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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4
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Cassella EJ, Spooner ELK, Thornber T, O'Kane ME, Catley TE, Bishop JE, Smith JA, Game OS, Lidzey DG. Gas-Assisted Spray Coating of Perovskite Solar Cells Incorporating Sprayed Self-Assembled Monolayers. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2104848. [PMID: 35142096 PMCID: PMC9108661 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are becoming widely utilized as hole-selective layers in high-performance p-i-n architecture perovskite solar cells. Ultrasonic spray coating and airbrush coating are demonstrated here as effective methods to deposit MeO-2PACz; a carbazole-based SAM. Potential dewetting of hybrid perovskite precursor solutions from this layer is overcome using optimized solvent rinsing protocols. The use of air-knife gas-quenching is then explored to rapidly remove the volatile solvent from an MAPbI3 precursor film spray-coated onto an MeO-2PACz SAM, allowing fabrication of p-i-n devices with power conversion efficiencies in excess of 20%, with all other layers thermally evaporated. This combination of deposition techniques is consistent with a rapid, roll-to-roll manufacturing process for the fabrication of large-area solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J. Cassella
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Emma L. K. Spooner
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Timothy Thornber
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Mary E. O'Kane
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Thomas E. Catley
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - James E. Bishop
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Joel A. Smith
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordClarendon LaboratoryParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PUUK
| | - Onkar S. Game
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - David G. Lidzey
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
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5
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O'Kane ME, Smith JA, Alanazi TI, Cassella EJ, Game O, van Meurs S, Lidzey DG. Perovskites on Ice: An Additive-Free Approach to Increase the Shelf-Life of Triple-Cation Perovskite Precursor Solutions. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:2537-2546. [PMID: 33872471 PMCID: PMC8251910 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of stable perovskite precursor solutions is critical if solution-processable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are to be practically manufacturable. Ideally, such precursors should combine high solution stability without using chemical additives that might compromise PSC performance. Here, it was shown that the shelf-life of high-performing perovskite precursors could be greatly improved by storing solutions at low-temperature without the need to alter chemical composition. Devices fabricated from solutions stored for 31 days at 4 °C achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.6 % (97 % of original PCE). The choice of precursor solvent also impacted solution shelf-life, with DMSO-based solutions having enhanced solution stability compared to those including DMF. The compositions of aged precursors were explored using NMR spectroscopy, and films made from these solutions were analysed using X-ray diffraction. It was concluded that the improvement in precursor solution stability is directly linked to the suppression of an addition-elimination reaction and the preservation of higher amounts of methylammonium within solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. O'Kane
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Joel A. Smith
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Tarek I. Alanazi
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
- Department of PhysicsCollege of ScienceNorthern Border UniversityArar73222 (Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia
| | - Elena J. Cassella
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Onkar Game
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Sandra van Meurs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldDainton Building, 13 Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - David G. Lidzey
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldHicks Building, Hounsfield RoadSheffieldS3 7RHUK
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6
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O'Kane ME, Smith JA, Alanazi TI, Cassella EJ, Game O, van Meurs S, Lidzey DG. Perovskites on Ice: An Additive-Free Approach to Increase the Shelf-Life of Triple-Cation Perovskite Precursor Solutions. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:2486. [PMID: 34050608 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invited for this month's cover is the group of David Lidzey at the University of Sheffield. The image shows a futuristic view of large-scale perovskite solar cell (PSC) manufacture. This includes a high-volume roll-to-roll printing facility and cold-storage of PSC precursor solutions in large industrial fridges. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202100332.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E O'Kane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Joel A Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Tarek I Alanazi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, 73222 (Kingdom of, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena J Cassella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Onkar Game
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Sandra van Meurs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, 13 Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
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7
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Smith JA, Game OS, Bishop JE, Spooner ELK, Kilbride RC, Greenland C, Jayaprakash R, Alanazi TI, Cassella EJ, Tejada A, Chistiakova G, Wong-Stringer M, Routledge TJ, Parnell AJ, Hammond DB, Lidzey DG. Rapid Scalable Processing of Tin Oxide Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2020; 3:5552-5562. [PMID: 32596647 PMCID: PMC7313656 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite solar cell materials is critical to enable the commercialization of this nascent technology. Herein, we investigate the use and processing of nanoparticle SnO2 films as electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells and develop deposition methods for ultrasonic spray coating and slot-die coating, leading to photovoltaic device efficiencies over 19%. The effects of postprocessing treatments (thermal annealing, UV ozone, and O2 plasma) are then probed using structural and spectroscopic techniques to characterize the nature of the np-SnO2/perovskite interface. We show that a brief "hot air flow" method can be used to replace extended thermal annealing, confirming that this approach is compatible with high-throughput processing. Our results highlight the importance of interface management to minimize nonradiative losses and provide a deeper understanding of the processing requirements for large-area deposition of nanoparticle metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Smith
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Onkar S. Game
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - James E. Bishop
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Emma L. K. Spooner
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Rachel C. Kilbride
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Claire Greenland
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Tarek I. Alanazi
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar 73222, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena J. Cassella
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Alvaro Tejada
- Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Departamento de
Ciencias, Sección Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Ganna Chistiakova
- Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, Kekuléstraße 5, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | | | - Thomas J. Routledge
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Parnell
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Deborah B. Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - David G. Lidzey
- Department of Physics
& Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
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