1
|
Efferth T, Banerjee M, Abu-Darwish MS, Abdelfatah S, Böckers M, Bhakta-Guha D, Bolzani V, Daak S, Demirezer ÖL, Dawood M, Efferth M, El-Seedi HR, Fischer N, Greten HJ, Hamdoun S, Hong C, Horneber M, Kadioglu O, Khalid HE, Khalid SA, Kuete V, Mahmoud N, Marin J, Mbaveng A, Midiwo J, Nakagawa H, Naß J, Ngassapa O, Ochwang'i D, Omosa LK, Ooko EA, Özenver N, Poornima P, Romero MR, Saeed MEM, Salgueiro L, Seo EJ, Yan G, Yasin Z, Saeed EM, Paul NW. Biopiracy versus One-World Medicine-From colonial relicts to global collaborative concepts. Phytomedicine 2019; 53:319-331. [PMID: 30190231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practices of biopiracy to use genetic resources and indigenous knowledge by Western companies without benefit-sharing of those, who generated the traditional knowledge, can be understood as form of neocolonialism. HYPOTHESIS The One-World Medicine concept attempts to merge the best of traditional medicine from developing countries and conventional Western medicine for the sake of patients around the globe. STUDY DESIGN Based on literature searches in several databases, a concept paper has been written. Legislative initiatives of the United Nations culminated in the Nagoya protocol aim to protect traditional knowledge and regulate benefit-sharing with indigenous communities. The European community adopted the Nagoya protocol, and the corresponding regulations will be implemented into national legislation among the member states. Despite pleasing progress, infrastructural problems of the health care systems in developing countries still remain. Current approaches to secure primary health care offer only fragmentary solutions at best. Conventional medicine from industrialized countries cannot be afforded by the impoverished population in the Third World. Confronted with exploding costs, even health systems in Western countries are endangered to burst. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular among the general public in industrialized countries, although the efficacy is not sufficiently proven according to the standards of evidence-based medicine. CAM is often available without prescription as over-the-counter products with non-calculated risks concerning erroneous self-medication and safety/toxicity issues. The concept of integrative medicine attempts to combine holistic CAM approaches with evidence-based principles of conventional medicine. CONCLUSION To realize the concept of One-World Medicine, a number of standards have to be set to assure safety, efficacy and applicability of traditional medicine, e.g. sustainable production and quality control of herbal products, performance of placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials, phytovigilance, as well as education of health professionals and patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mita Banerjee
- Department of English and Linguistics, American Studies, Center for Comparative Native and Indigenous Studies, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sanad Abu-Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Madeleine Böckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dipita Bhakta-Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, TN, India
| | - Vanderlan Bolzani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Salah Daak
- Dr. Salah Wanesi Foundation for Cancer Research and Control, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry J Greten
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sami Hamdoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chunlan Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Horneber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hassan E Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sami A Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Karthoum, Sudan
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - José Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), CIBERehd, IBSAL, University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Armelle Mbaveng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jacob Midiwo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olipa Ngassapa
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dominic Ochwang'i
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leonida K Omosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edna A Ooko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadire Özenver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paramasivan Poornima
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Rodriguez Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), CIBERehd, IBSAL, University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ligia Salgueiro
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ge Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert W Paul
- Institute for the History, Philosophy, and Ethics of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Efferth T, Banerjee M, Paul NW, Abdelfatah S, Arend J, Elhassan G, Hamdoun S, Hamm R, Hong C, Kadioglu O, Naß J, Ochwangi D, Ooko E, Ozenver N, Saeed MEM, Schneider M, Seo EJ, Wu CF, Yan G, Zeino M, Zhao Q, Abu-Darwish MS, Andersch K, Alexie G, Bessarab D, Bhakta-Guha D, Bolzani V, Dapat E, Donenko FV, Efferth M, Greten HJ, Gunatilaka L, Hussein AA, Karadeniz A, Khalid HE, Kuete V, Lee IS, Liu L, Midiwo J, Mora R, Nakagawa H, Ngassapa O, Noysang C, Omosa LK, Roland FH, Shahat AA, Saab A, Saeed EM, Shan L, Titinchi SJJ. Biopiracy of natural products and good bioprospecting practice. Phytomedicine 2016; 23:166-173. [PMID: 26926178 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biopiracy mainly focuses on the use of biological resources and/or knowledge of indigenous tribes or communities without allowing them to share the revenues generated out of economic exploitation or other non-monetary incentives associated with the resource/knowledge. METHODS Based on collaborations of scientists from five continents, we have created a communication platform to discuss not only scientific topics, but also more general issues with social relevance. This platform was termed 'PhytCancer -Phytotherapy to Fight Cancer' (www.phyt-cancer.uni-mainz.de). As a starting point, we have chosen the topic "biopiracy", since we feel this is of pragmatic significance for scientists working with medicinal plants. RESULTS It was argued that the patenting of herbs or natural products by pharmaceutical corporations disregarded the ownership of the knowledge possessed by the indigenous communities on how these substances worked. Despite numerous court decisions in U.S.A. and Europe, several international treaties, (e.g. from United Nations, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, the African Unity and others), sharing of a rational set of benefits amongst producers (mainly pharmaceutical companies) and indigenous communities is yet a distant reality. In this paper, we present an overview of the legal frameworks, discuss some exemplary cases of biopiracy and bioprospecting as excellent forms of utilization of natural resources. CONCLUSIONS We suggest certain perspectives, by which we as scientists, may contribute towards prevention of biopiracy and also to foster the fair utilization of natural resources. We discuss ways, in which the interests of indigenous people especially from developing countries can be secured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mita Banerjee
- Department of English and Linguistics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert W Paul
- Institute for History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Arend
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gihan Elhassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sami Hamdoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hamm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chunlan Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominic Ochwangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edna Ooko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadire Ozenver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ge Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maen Zeino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiaoli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Kai Andersch
- Wilderness International, Dresden (Germany) and Stony Plain, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Dawn Bessarab
- Center for Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Dipita Bhakta-Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, T.N., India
| | - Vanderlan Bolzani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Else Dapat
- Department of Biology, University of the Philippines, Manila City, and Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Dilman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Monika Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry J Greten
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal and Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Ahmed A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, University of Western Cape, Belleville, South Africa
| | - Asuman Karadeniz
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Biology Department, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hassan E Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Ik-Soo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Liang Liu
- Macao University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Jacob Midiwo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rodrigo Mora
- Faculty of Microbiology, Rodrigo Facio University, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Olipa Ngassapa
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Chanai Noysang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand and Traditional Medicine College, Rajamangala University of Technology Thayaburi, Phathumthani, Thailand
| | - Leonida K Omosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Abdelaaty A Shahat
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ; Phytochemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Antoine Saab
- Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Chemistry Department, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Letian Shan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Salam J J Titinchi
- Chemistry Department, University of Western Cape, Belleville, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|