1
|
Silva RRS, Malveira EA, Aguiar TKB, Neto NAS, Roma RR, Santos MHC, Santos ALE, Silva AFB, Freitas CDT, Rocha BAM, Souza PFN, Teixeira CS. DVL, lectin from Dioclea violacea seeds, has multiples mechanisms of action against Candida spp via carbohydrate recognition domain. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110639. [PMID: 37468117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins of non-immunological origin with the ability to bind to carbohydrates reversibly. They emerge as an alternative to conventional antifungals, given the ability to interact with carbohydrates in the fungal cell wall inhibiting fungal growth. The lectin from D. violacea (DVL) already has its activity described as anti-candida in some species. Here, we observed the anti-candida effect of DVL on C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis and its multiple mechanisms of action toward the yeasts. Additionally, it was observed that DVL induces membrane and cell wall damage and ROS overproduction. DVL was also able to cause an imbalance in the redox system of the cells, interact with ergosterol, inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis, and induce cytochrome c release from the mitochondrial membrane. These results endorse the potential application of DVL in developing a new antifungal drug to fight back against fungal resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romério R S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Ellen A Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Tawanny K B Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Nilton A S Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Renato R Roma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria H C Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana L E Santos
- Medical School, Federal University of Cariri, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F B Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D T Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno A M Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60430-275, CE, Brazil.
| | - Claudener S Teixeira
- Center for Agricultural Sciences and Biodiversity, Federal University of Cariri, Crato, 63130-025, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carvalho RJP, Souza PFN, Malveira EA, Neto NAS, Silva RRS, Melo GLC, Silva AFB, Lima LB, de Albuquerque CC, Bastos RW, Goldman GH, de Freitas CDT. Antimicrobial Activity the Essential Oil from Croton pluriglandulosus Carn. Leaves against Microorganisms of Clinical Interest. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:756. [PMID: 37504744 PMCID: PMC10381380 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiresistant pathogens pose a serious threat to human health. The genus Candida is one class of human pathogenic yeasts responsible for infections affecting healthy and immunocompromised patients. In this context, plant essential oils emerged as a future natural alternative to control the diseases caused by these pathogens. Based on that, the present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of essential oil from C. pluriglandulosus and understand the mechanism of action. Here, it highlighted antimicrobial activity and the mechanisms of action of the essential oil extracted from C. pluriglandulosus Carn.-Torres & Riina (CpEO) leaves on human pathogenic microorganisms in planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. In addition, for the first time, the oil composition was revealed by GC-MS analysis and the toxicity to human red blood cells (HRBC). Twenty-six chemical compounds were identified in CpEO, elemicin, bicyclogermacrene, caryophyllene, brevifolin, and 2,4,6-trimethoxy-styrene. Through hemolytic assay, it was shown that CpEO has no toxicity to human RBCs. At the concentration of 50 μg mL-1, CpEO did not show great antibacterial potential. However, promising data were found for C. krusei and C. parapsilosis inhibiting by 89.3% and 80.7% of planktonic cell growth and 83.5% and 77.9% the biofilm formation, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action CpEO were elucidated by fluorescence. Scanning electron microscopy revealed damage to the cell membrane and pore formation, ROS overproduction, and induction of apoptosis in candida cells. Our results reinforce the potential of CpEO as an effective alternative molecule of pharmaceutical interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayara J P Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, Brazil
| | - Ellen A Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Nilton A S Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Romério R S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L C Melo
- Department of Fishery Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60356-000, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F B Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Leandro B Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Cynthia C de Albuquerque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael W Bastos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D T de Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Costa ACM, Malveira EA, Mendonça LP, Maia MES, Silva RRS, Roma RR, Aguiar TKB, Grangeiro YA, Souza PFN. Plant Lectins: A Review on their Biotechnological Potential Toward Human Pathogens. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2022; 23:851-861. [PMID: 36239726 DOI: 10.2174/1389203724666221014142740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics is associated with the appearance of bacterial resistance. In light of this, plant-based products treating infections are considered potential alternatives. Lectins are a group of proteins widely distributed in nature, capable of reversibly binding carbohydrates. Lectins can bind to the surface of pathogens and cause damage to their structure, thus preventing host infection. The antimicrobial activity of plant lectins results from their interaction with carbohydrates present in the bacterial cell wall and fungal membrane. The data about lectins as modulating agents of antibiotic activity, potentiates the effect of antibiotics without triggering microbial resistance. In addition, lectins play an essential role in the defense against fungi, reducing their infectivity and pathogenicity. Little is known about the antiviral activity of plant lectins. However, their effectiveness against retroviruses and parainfluenza is reported in the literature. Some authors still consider mannose/ glucose/N-Acetylglucosamine binding lectins as potent antiviral agents against coronavirus, suggesting that these lectins may have inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, it was found that plant lectins are an alternative for producing new antimicrobial drugs, but further studies still need to decipher some mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C M Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ellen A Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lidiane P Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria E S Maia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Romério R S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Renato R Roma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tawanny K B Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Yasmim A Grangeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Caixa 60430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Caixa 60430- 275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malveira EA, Souza PFN, Neto NAS, Aguiar TKB, Rodrigues NS, Henrique CWB, Silva AFB, Lima LB, Albuquerque CC, Freitas CDT. Essential Oil from Croton blanchetianus Leaves: Anticandidal Potential and Mechanisms of Action. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1147. [PMID: 36354914 PMCID: PMC9693873 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs are becoming ineffective given the resistance acquired by microorganisms. As such, it is imperative to seek new antimicrobial molecules that could provide a basis for the development of new drugs. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and the mechanisms of action of the essential oil extracted from leaves of Croton blanchetianus (named CbEO) on different fungi and bacteria of clinical importance in both planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. GC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of twenty-two different compounds in the CbEO, which were identified using the Kovats retention index. Among these, the most abundant were amorphene (20.03%), spathulenol (5%), bicyclogermacrene (1.49%), caryophyllene oxide (4.55%), and eucalyptol (5.62%). CbOE (50 µg mL-1) barely inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis (23%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27%), and Salmonella enterica (28%), and no inhibition was obtained against Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, no activity against bacterial biofilm was detected. In contrast, CbEO was active against Candida species. C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were inhibited by 78 and 75%, respectively. The antibiofilm potential also was favorable against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, inhibiting 44 and 74% of biofilm formation and reducing around 41 and 27% of the preformed biofilm, respectively. CbOE caused membrane damage and pore formation, overproduction of ROS, and apoptosis on C. albicans and C. parapsilosis cells, as well as not inducing hemolysis in human red cells. The results obtained in this work raise the possibility of using the essential oil of C. blanchetianus leaves as an alternative to fight infections caused by C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A. Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Pedro F. N. Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, Brazil
| | - Nilton A. S. Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Tawanny K. B. Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Natanael S. Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos W. B. Henrique
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F. B. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Leandro B. Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Cynthia C. Albuquerque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59650-000, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D. T. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aguiar TKB, Neto NAS, Freitas CDT, Silva AFB, Bezerra LP, Malveira EA, Branco LAC, Mesquita FP, Goldman GH, Alencar LMR, Oliveira JTA, Santos-Oliveira R, Souza PFN. Antifungal Potential of Synthetic Peptides against Cryptococcus neoformans: Mechanism of Action Studies Reveal Synthetic Peptides Induce Membrane-Pore Formation, DNA Degradation, and Apoptosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081678. [PMID: 36015304 PMCID: PMC9416200 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a human-pathogenic yeast responsible for pneumonia and meningitis, mainly in patients immunocompromised. Infections caused by C. neoformans are a global health concern. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides (SAMPs) have emerged as alternative molecules to cope with fungal infections, including C. neoformans. Here, eight SAMPs were tested regarding their antifungal potential against C. neoformans and had their mechanisms of action elucidated by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopies. Five SAMPs showed an inhibitory effect (MIC50) on C. neoformans growth at low concentrations. Fluorescence microscope (FM) revealed that SAMPs induced 6-kDa pores in the C. neoformans membrane. Inhibitory assays in the presence of ergosterol revealed that some peptides lost their activity, suggesting interaction with it. Furthermore, FM analysis revealed that SAMPs induced caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis and DNA degradation in C. neoformans cells. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that peptides induced many morphological alterations such as cell membrane, wall damage, and loss of internal content on C. neoformans cells. Our results strongly suggest synthetic peptides are potential alternative molecules to control C. neoformans growth and treat the cryptococcal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tawanny K. B. Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Nilton A. S. Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D. T. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F. B. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Leandro P. Bezerra
- Department of Fisheries Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Ellen A. Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Levi A. C. Branco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Felipe P. Mesquita
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana M. R. Alencar
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Jose T. A. Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Radiopharmacy, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, RJ, Brazil
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro F. N. Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60451-970, CE, Brazil
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oliveira TNS, Silva-Filho CMS, Malveira EA, Aguiar TKB, Santos HS, Albuquerque CC, Morais MB, Teixeira EH, Vasconcelos MA. Antifungal and antibiofilm activities of the essential oil of leaves from Lippia gracilis Schauer against phytopathogenic fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1117-1129. [PMID: 32961612 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of essential oil (EO) from leaves of Lippia gracilis and its major constituents, thymol and carvacrol, against phytopathogenic fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS The leaves of L. gracilis were hydrodistilled to obtain the EO and the chemical composition was determined by GC/MS analysis. The antifungal activity of EO of L. gracilis was evaluated on the vegetative and mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. In addition, the ability of the oil to inhibit fungal biofilm formation was assessed by total biomass quantification using crystal violet staining, analysis of metabolic activity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of the monoterpenes, thymol and carvacrol, present in EO of L. gracilis were evaluated against F. oxysporum. The analysis of the chemical composition of EO extracted from L. gracilis, revealed the presence of monoterpenes (94·13%), which included carvacrol (48·57%) and thymol (7·78%), and 4 sesquiterpenes (3·74%). In general, EO showed significant antifungal activity and inhibited the formation of fungal biofilms. Furthermore, thymol and carvacrol showed significant antifungal and antibiofilm activities against F. oxysporum. SEM images showed structural changes in fungal morphology upon treatment with EO of L. gracilis. CONCLUSION The results presented in this study showed promising antifungal and antibiofilm effects of EO of L. gracilis and its major components, carvacrol and thymol. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings indicate that the EO extracted from L. gracilis, and the monoterpenes, carvacrol and thymol have a great potential as antifungal and antibiofilm agents. Furthermore, this is the first report of the antibiofilm activity of the EO of L. gracilis and its major components against phytopathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T N S Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - C M S Silva-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - E A Malveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - T K B Aguiar
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - H S Santos
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, CE, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - C C Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - M B Morais
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - E H Teixeira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - M A Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.,Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Unidade de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|