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Viktorsson EÖ, Aesoy R, Støa S, Lekve V, Døskeland SO, Herfindal L, Rongved P. New prodrugs and analogs of the phenazine 5,10-dioxide natural products iodinin and myxin promote selective cytotoxicity towards human acute myeloid leukemia cells. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:767-778. [PMID: 34124675 PMCID: PMC8152588 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel chemotherapeutic strategies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment are called for. We have recently demonstrated that the phenazine 5,10-dioxide natural products iodinin (3) and myxin (4) exhibit potent and hypoxia-selective cell death on MOLM-13 human AML cells, and that the N-oxide functionalities are pivotal for the cytotoxic activity. Very few structure-activity relationship studies dedicated to phenazine 5,10-dioxides exist on mammalian cell lines and the present work describes our efforts regarding in vitro lead optimizations of the natural compounds iodinin (3) and myxin (4). Prodrug strategies reveal carbamate side chains to be the optimal phenol-attached group. Derivatives with no oxygen-based substituent (-OH or -OCH3) in the 6th position of the phenazine skeleton upheld potency if alkyl or carbamate side chains were attached to the phenol in position 1. 7,8-Dihalogenated- and 7,8-dimethylated analogs of 1-hydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide (21) displayed increased cytotoxic potency in MOLM-13 cells compared to all the other compounds studied. On the other hand, dihalogenated compounds displayed high toxicity towards the cardiomyoblast H9c2 cell line, while MOLM-13 selectivity of the 7,8-dimethylated analogs were less affected. Further, a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) demonstrated the majority of the synthesized compounds to penetrate cell membranes efficiently, which corresponded to their cytotoxic potency. This work enhances the understanding of the structural characteristics essential for the activity of phenazine 5,10-dioxides, rendering them promising chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvar Örn Viktorsson
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo PO Box 1068 Blindern N0316 Oslo Norway
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland Hofsvallagata 53 IS-107 Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Reidun Aesoy
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen Jonas Lies vei 87 N-5021 Bergen Norway
| | - Sindre Støa
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo PO Box 1068 Blindern N0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Viola Lekve
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen Jonas Lies vei 87 N-5021 Bergen Norway
| | - Stein Ove Døskeland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen Jonas Lies vei 91 N-5021 Bergen Norway
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen Jonas Lies vei 87 N-5021 Bergen Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo PO Box 1068 Blindern N0316 Oslo Norway
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Viktorsson EÖ, Gabrielsen M, Kumarachandran N, Sylte I, Rongved P, Åstrand OAH, Kase ET. Regulation of liver X receptor target genes by 22-functionalized oxysterols. Synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluations. Steroids 2017; 118:119-127. [PMID: 28011133 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous oxysterol 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22RHC, 1) is an LXR agonist which upregulates genes of critical involvement in human cholesterol- and lipid metabolism. In contrast, its synthetic epimer 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol (22SHC, 8) has shown specific antagonistic effects in recent studies, avoiding unwanted side effects provided by potent LXR agonists. In terms of LXR modulation, the aim of this study was to compare 22SHC (8), 22RHC (1) and synthesized ligands with keto- and amide functionality in the 22nd position of the cholesterol scaffold. 22SHC (8) and 22RHC (1) performed as expected while 22-ketocholesterol (22KC, 10) revealed an attractive in vitro profile for further investigation in terms of anti-atherosclerotic properties as selective upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 was observed. A new synthesized amide derivate, Fernholtz cyclohexylamide (13) was shown to reduce lipogenesis in a dose-responsive manner and abolish the effect of the potent LXR agonist T0901317 when administered simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvar Örn Viktorsson
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nugalya Kumarachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Åstrand OAH, Viktorsson EÖ, Kristensen AL, Ekeberg D, Røberg-Larsen H, Wilson SR, Gabrielsen M, Sylte I, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Rongved P, Kase ET. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of new oxysterols as modulators of the liver X receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:323-330. [PMID: 27471149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptor (LXR) modulators have shown potential as drugs since they target genes affecting metabolism and fatty acid synthesis. LXR antagonists are of particular interest since they are able to reduce the synthesis of complex fatty acids and glucose uptake. Based on molecular modeling, five new cholesterol mimics were synthesized, where four contained a hydroxyl group in the 22-S-position. The new compounds were screened in vitro against several genes affecting lipid metabolism. The compound that performed best in vitro was a dimethylamide derivative of 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol and it was chosen for in vivo testing. However, the blood plasma analysis from the in vivo tests revealed a concentration lower than needed to give any response, indicating either rapid metabolism or low bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elvar Örn Viktorsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksander Lim Kristensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Ekeberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Hanne Røberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arild Christian Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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