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Mehew JD, Timmermans MY, Saleta Reig D, Sergeant S, Sledzinska M, Chávez-Ángel E, Gallagher E, Sotomayor Torres CM, Huyghebaert C, Tielrooij KJ. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Free-Standing Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:51876-51884. [PMID: 37889473 PMCID: PMC10636713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are driving advances in technology due to their oftentimes superior properties over bulk materials. In particular, their thermal properties become increasingly important as efficient heat dissipation is required to realize high-performance electronic devices, reduce energy consumption, and prevent thermal damage. One application where nanomaterials can play a crucial role is extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, where pellicles that protect the photomask from particle contamination have to be transparent to EUV light, mechanically strong, and thermally conductive in order to withstand the heat associated with high-power EUV radiation. Free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) films have emerged as candidates due to their high EUV transparency and ability to withstand heat. However, the thermal transport properties of these films are not well understood beyond bulk emissivity measurements. Here, we measure the thermal conductivity of free-standing CNT films using all-optical Raman thermometry at temperatures between 300 and 700 K. We find thermal conductivities up to 50 W m-1 K-1 for films composed of double-walled CNTs, which rises to 257 W m-1 K-1 when considering the CNT network alone. These values are remarkably high for randomly oriented CNT networks, roughly seven times that of single-walled CNT films. The enhanced thermal conduction is due to the additional wall, which likely gives rise to additional heat-carrying phonon modes and provides a certain resilience to defects. Our results demonstrate that free-standing double-walled CNT films efficiently dissipate heat, enhancing our understanding of these promising films and how they are suited to applications in EUV lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Dudley Mehew
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | | | - David Saleta Reig
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | | | - Marianna Sledzinska
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chávez-Ángel
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | | | - Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | | | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Department
of Applied Physics, TU Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
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Saleta Reig D, Varghese S, Farris R, Block A, Mehew JD, Hellman O, Woźniak P, Sledzinska M, El Sachat A, Chávez-Ángel E, Valenzuela SO, van Hulst NF, Ordejón P, Zanolli Z, Sotomayor Torres CM, Verstraete MJ, Tielrooij KJ. Unraveling Heat Transport and Dissipation in Suspended MoSe 2 from Bulk to Monolayer. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2108352. [PMID: 34981868 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding heat flow in layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) crystals is crucial for applications exploiting these materials. Despite significant efforts, several basic thermal transport properties of TMDs are currently not well understood, in particular how transport is affected by material thickness and the material's environment. This combined experimental-theoretical study establishes a unifying physical picture of the intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of the representative TMD MoSe2 . Thermal conductivity measurements using Raman thermometry on a large set of clean, crystalline, suspended crystals with systematically varied thickness are combined with ab initio simulations with phonons at finite temperature. The results show that phonon dispersions and lifetimes change strongly with thickness, yet the thinnest TMD films exhibit an in-plane thermal conductivity that is only marginally smaller than that of bulk crystals. This is the result of compensating phonon contributions, in particular heat-carrying modes around ≈0.1 THz in (sub)nanometer thin films, with a surprisingly long mean free path of several micrometers. This behavior arises directly from the layered nature of the material. Furthermore, out-of-plane heat dissipation to air molecules is remarkably efficient, in particular for the thinnest crystals, increasing the apparent thermal conductivity of monolayer MoSe2 by an order of magnitude. These results are crucial for the design of (flexible) TMD-based (opto-)electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saleta Reig
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Sebin Varghese
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Roberta Farris
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Alexander Block
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Jake D Mehew
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Olle Hellman
- Dept of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Paweł Woźniak
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotóniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Marianna Sledzinska
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Alexandros El Sachat
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chávez-Ángel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Sergio O Valenzuela
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Niek F van Hulst
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotóniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Pablo Ordejón
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Zeila Zanolli
- Chemistry Department and ETSF, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Matthieu J Verstraete
- Nanomat, Q-Mat, CESAM, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Université de Liége, Liége, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
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3
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Sandell S, Maire J, Chávez-Ángel E, Sotomayor Torres CM, Kristiansen H, Zhang Z, He J. Enhancement of Thermal Boundary Conductance of Metal-Polymer System. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10040670. [PMID: 32252435 PMCID: PMC7221886 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In organic electronics, thermal management is a challenge, as most organic materials conduct heat poorly. As these devices become smaller, thermal transport is increasingly limited by organic-inorganic interfaces, for example that between a metal and a polymer. However, the mechanisms of heat transport at these interfaces are not well understood. In this work, we compare three types of metal-polymer interfaces. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films of different thicknesses (1-15 nm) were spin-coated on silicon substrates and covered with an 80 nm gold film either directly, or over an interface layer of 2 nm of an adhesion promoting metal-either titanium or nickel. We use the frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) technique to measure the effective thermal conductivity of the polymer film and then extract the metal-polymer thermal boundary conductance (TBC) with a thermal resistance circuit model. We found that the titanium layer increased the TBC by a factor of 2, from 59 × 106 W·m-2·K-1 to 115 × 106 W·m-2·K-1, while the nickel layer increased TBC to 139 × 106 W·m-2·K-1. These results shed light on possible strategies to improve heat transport in organic electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sandell
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeremie Maire
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), (ICN-CSIC) Barcelona, Campus UAB, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chávez-Ángel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), (ICN-CSIC) Barcelona, Campus UAB, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), (ICN-CSIC) Barcelona, Campus UAB, E08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helge Kristiansen
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jianying He
- NTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Rodríguez-Laguna MR, Castro-Alvarez A, Sledzinska M, Maire J, Costanzo F, Ensing B, Pruneda M, Ordejón P, Sotomayor Torres CM, Gómez-Romero P, Chávez-Ángel E. Mechanisms behind the enhancement of thermal properties of graphene nanofluids. Nanoscale 2018; 10:15402-15409. [PMID: 30084470 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While the dispersion of nanomaterials is known to be effective in enhancing the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of fluids, the mechanisms behind this enhancement remain to be elucidated. Herein, we report on highly stable, surfactant-free graphene nanofluids, based on N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), with enhanced thermal properties. An increase of up to 48% in thermal conductivity and 18% in specific heat capacity was measured. The blue shift of several Raman bands with increasing graphene concentration in DMF indicates that there is a modification in the vibrational energy of the bonds associated with these modes, affecting all the molecules in the liquid. This result indicates that graphene has the ability to affect solvent molecules at long-range, in terms of vibrational energy. Density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations were used to gather data on the interaction between graphene and solvent, and to investigate a possible order induced by graphene on the solvent. The simulations showed a parallel orientation of DMF towards graphene, favoring π-π stacking. Furthermore, a local order of DMF molecules around graphene was observed suggesting that both this special kind of interaction and the induced local order may contribute to the enhancement of the fluid's thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rodríguez-Laguna
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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