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Clough E, Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Evangelista C, Kim I, Tomashevsky M, Marshall K, Phillippy K, Sherman P, Lee H, Zhang N, Serova N, Wagner L, Zalunin V, Kochergin A, Soboleva A. NCBI GEO: archive for gene expression and epigenomics data sets: 23-year update. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D138-D144. [PMID: 37933855 PMCID: PMC10767856 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) is an international public repository that archives gene expression and epigenomics data sets generated by next-generation sequencing and microarray technologies. Data are typically submitted to GEO by researchers in compliance with widespread journal and funder mandates to make generated data publicly accessible. The resource handles raw data files, processed data files and descriptive metadata for over 200 000 studies and 6.5 million samples, all of which are indexed, searchable and downloadable. Additionally, GEO offers web-based tools that facilitate analysis and visualization of differential gene expression. This article presents the current status and recent advancements in GEO, including the generation of consistently computed gene expression count matrices for thousands of RNA-seq studies, and new interactive graphical plots in GEO2R that help users identify differentially expressed genes and assess data set quality. The GEO repository is built and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), and is publicly accessible at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clough
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tanya Barrett
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen E Wilhite
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pierre Ledoux
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carlos Evangelista
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Irene F Kim
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maxim Tomashevsky
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly A Marshall
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katherine H Phillippy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patti M Sherman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hyeseung Lee
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Naigong Zhang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nadezhda Serova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lukas Wagner
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vadim Zalunin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrey Kochergin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra Soboleva
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Chen ZX, Sturgill D, Qu J, Jiang H, Park S, Boley N, Suzuki AM, Fletcher AR, Plachetzki DC, FitzGerald PC, Artieri CG, Atallah J, Barmina O, Brown JB, Blankenburg KP, Clough E, Dasgupta A, Gubbala S, Han Y, Jayaseelan JC, Kalra D, Kim YA, Kovar CL, Lee SL, Li M, Malley JD, Malone JH, Mathew T, Mattiuzzo NR, Munidasa M, Muzny DM, Ongeri F, Perales L, Przytycka TM, Pu LL, Robinson G, Thornton RL, Saada N, Scherer SE, Smith HE, Vinson C, Warner CB, Worley KC, Wu YQ, Zou X, Cherbas P, Kellis M, Eisen MB, Piano F, Kionte K, Fitch DH, Sternberg PW, Cutter AD, Duff MO, Hoskins RA, Graveley BR, Gibbs RA, Bickel PJ, Kopp A, Carninci P, Celniker SE, Oliver B, Richards S. Comparative validation of the D. melanogaster modENCODE transcriptome annotation. Genome Res 2015; 24:1209-23. [PMID: 24985915 PMCID: PMC4079975 DOI: 10.1101/gr.159384.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate gene model annotation of reference genomes is critical for making them useful. The modENCODE project has improved the D. melanogaster genome annotation by using deep and diverse high-throughput data. Since transcriptional activity that has been evolutionarily conserved is likely to have an advantageous function, we have performed large-scale interspecific comparisons to increase confidence in predicted annotations. To support comparative genomics, we filled in divergence gaps in the Drosophila phylogeny by generating draft genomes for eight new species. For comparative transcriptome analysis, we generated mRNA expression profiles on 81 samples from multiple tissues and developmental stages of 15 Drosophila species, and we performed cap analysis of gene expression in D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura. We also describe conservation of four distinct core promoter structures composed of combinations of elements at three positions. Overall, each type of genomic feature shows a characteristic divergence rate relative to neutral models, highlighting the value of multispecies alignment in annotating a target genome that should prove useful in the annotation of other high priority genomes, especially human and other mammalian genomes that are rich in noncoding sequences. We report that the vast majority of elements in the annotation are evolutionarily conserved, indicating that the annotation will be an important springboard for functional genetic testing by the Drosophila community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xia Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Sturgill
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Huaiyang Jiang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Soo Park
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nathan Boley
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ana Maria Suzuki
- Technology Development Group, RIKEN Omics Science Center and RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan 230-0045
| | - Anthony R Fletcher
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center For Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - David C Plachetzki
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Peter C FitzGerald
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Carlo G Artieri
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joel Atallah
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - James B Brown
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kerstin P Blankenburg
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Emily Clough
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Abhijit Dasgupta
- Clinical Trials and Outcomes Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sai Gubbala
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joy C Jayaseelan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Divya Kalra
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yoo-Ah Kim
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christie L Kovar
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mingmei Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James D Malley
- Division of Computational Bioscience, Center For Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - John H Malone
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Tittu Mathew
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nicolas R Mattiuzzo
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mala Munidasa
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Fiona Ongeri
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lora Perales
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Teresa M Przytycka
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Pu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Garrett Robinson
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca L Thornton
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nehad Saada
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Steven E Scherer
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Harold E Smith
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Charles Vinson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Crystal B Warner
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yuan-Qing Wu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Peter Cherbas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 20139, USA
| | - Michael B Eisen
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Fabio Piano
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Karin Kionte
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - David H Fitch
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- HHMI and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Asher D Cutter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Michael O Duff
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-6403, USA
| | - Roger A Hoskins
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brenton R Graveley
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-6403, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Peter J Bickel
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Piero Carninci
- Technology Development Group, RIKEN Omics Science Center and RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan 230-0045
| | - Susan E Celniker
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brian Oliver
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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