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Beckford-Vera DR, Flavell RR, Seo Y, Martinez-Ortiz E, Aslam M, Thanh C, Fehrman E, Pardons M, Kumar S, Deitchman AN, Ravanfar V, Schulte B, Wu IWK, Pan T, Reeves JD, Nixon CC, Iyer NS, Torres L, Munter SE, Hyunh T, Petropoulos CJ, Hoh R, Franc BL, Gama L, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Chomont N, Deeks SG, VanBrocklin HF, Henrich TJ. First-in-human immunoPET imaging of HIV-1 infection using 89Zr-labeled VRC01 broadly neutralizing antibody. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1219. [PMID: 35264559 PMCID: PMC8907355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to achieving long-term antiretroviral (ART) free remission or functional cure of HIV infection is the presence of persistently infected cells that establish a long-lived viral reservoir. HIV largely resides in anatomical regions that are inaccessible to routine sampling, however, and non-invasive methods to understand the longitudinal tissue-wide burden of HIV persistence are urgently needed. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a promising strategy to identify and characterize the tissue-wide burden of HIV. Here, we assess the efficacy of using immunoPET imaging to characterize HIV reservoirs and identify anatomical foci of persistent viral transcriptional activity using a radiolabeled HIV Env-specific broadly neutralizing antibody, 89Zr-VRC01, in HIV-infected individuals with detectable viremia and on suppressive ART compared to uninfected controls (NCT03729752). We also assess the relationship between PET tracer uptake in tissues and timing of ART initiation and direct HIV protein expression in CD4 T cells obtained from lymph node biopsies. We observe significant increases in 89Zr-VRC01 uptake in various tissues (including lymph nodes and gut) in HIV-infected individuals with detectable viremia (N = 5) and on suppressive ART (N = 5) compared to uninfected controls (N = 5). Importantly, PET tracer uptake in inguinal lymph nodes in viremic and ART-suppressed participants significantly and positively correlates with HIV protein expression measured directly in tissue. Our strategy may allow non-invasive longitudinal characterization of residual HIV infection and lays the framework for the development of immunoPET imaging in a variety of other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis R Beckford-Vera
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Martinez-Ortiz
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maya Aslam
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Fehrman
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marion Pardons
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shreya Kumar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia N Deitchman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Vahid Ravanfar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brailee Schulte
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - I-Wei Katherine Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony Pan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Reeves
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikita S Iyer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sadie E Munter
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony Hyunh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christos J Petropoulos
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., Laboratory Corporation of America, South San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Franc
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Peluso MJ, Deitchman AN, Torres L, Iyer NS, Nixon CC, Munter SE, Donatelli J, Thanh C, Takahashi S, Hakim J, Turcios K, Janson O, Hoh R, Tai V, Hernandez Y, Fehrman E, Spinelli MA, Gandhi M, Trinh L, Wrin T, Petropoulos CJ, Aweeka FT, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Kelly JD, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Greenhouse B, Rutishauser RL, Henrich TJ. Long-Term SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune and Inflammatory Responses Across a Clinically Diverse Cohort of Individuals Recovering from COVID-19. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33688685 PMCID: PMC7941662 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.26.21252308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses and their relationship to humoral immunity and markers of inflammation in diverse groups of individuals representing the spectrum of COVID-19 illness and recovery is urgently needed. Data are also lacking as to whether and how adaptive immune and inflammatory responses differ in individuals that experience persistent symptomatic sequelae months following acute infection compared to those with complete, rapid recovery. We measured SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses, soluble markers of inflammation, and antibody levels and neutralization capacity longitudinally up to 9 months following infection in a diverse group of 70 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The participants had varying degrees of initial disease severity and were enrolled in the northern California Long-term Impact of Infection with Novel Coronavirus (LIINC) cohort. Adaptive T cell responses remained remarkably stable in all participants across disease severity during the entire study interval. Whereas the magnitude of the early CD4+ T cell immune response is determined by the severity of initial infection (participants requiring hospitalization or intensive care), pre-existing lung disease was significantly associated with higher long-term SARS-CoV2-specific CD8+ T cell responses, independent of initial disease severity or age. Neutralizing antibody levels were strongly correlated with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T but not CD8+ T cell responses. Importantly, we did not identify substantial differences in long-term virus-specific T cell or antibody responses between participants with and without COVID-19-related symptoms that persist months after initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Amelia N Deitchman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nikita S Iyer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sadie E Munter
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Joanna Donatelli
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jill Hakim
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Keirstinne Turcios
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Owen Janson
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Viva Tai
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yanel Hernandez
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Emily Fehrman
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Matthew A Spinelli
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lan Trinh
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Francesca T Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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