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Ballester F, Hernández-García A, Santana MD, Bautista D, Ashoo P, Ortega-Forte E, Barone G, Ruiz J. Photoactivatable Ruthenium Complexes Containing Minimal Straining Benzothiazolyl-1,2,3-triazole Chelators for Cancer Treatment. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6202-6216. [PMID: 38385171 PMCID: PMC11005040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes containing diimine ligands have contributed to the development of agents for photoactivated chemotherapy. Several approaches have been used to obtain photolabile Ru(II) complexes. The two most explored have been the use of monodentate ligands and the incorporation of steric effects between the bidentate ligands and the Ru(II). However, the introduction of electronic effects in the ligands has been less explored. Herein, we report a systematic experimental, theoretical, and photocytotoxicity study of a novel series of Ru(II) complexes Ru1-Ru5 of general formula [Ru(phen)2(N∧N')]2+, where N∧N' are different minimal strained ligands based on the 1-aryl-4-benzothiazolyl-1,2,3-triazole (BTAT) scaffold, being CH3 (Ru1), F (Ru2), CF3 (Ru3), NO2 (Ru4), and N(CH3)2 (Ru5) substituents in the R4 of the phenyl ring. The complexes are stable in solution in the dark, but upon irradiation in water with blue light (λex = 465 nm, 4 mW/cm2) photoejection of the ligand BTAT was observed by HPLC-MS spectrometry and UV-vis spectroscopy, with t1/2 ranging from 4.5 to 14.15 min depending of the electronic properties of the corresponding BTAT, being Ru4 the less photolabile (the one containing the more electron withdrawing substituent, NO2). The properties of the ground state singlet and excited state triplet of Ru1-Ru5 have been explored using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations. A mechanism for the photoejection of the BTAT ligand from the Ru complexes, in H2O, is proposed. Phototoxicity studies in A375 and HeLa human cancer cell lines showed that the new Ru BTAT complexes were strongly phototoxic. An enhancement of the emission intensity of HeLa cells treated with Ru5 was observed in response to increasing doses of light due to the photoejection of the BTAT ligand. These studies suggest that BTAT could serve as a photocleavable protecting group for the cytotoxic bis-aqua ruthenium warhead [Ru(phen)2(OH2)2]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco
J. Ballester
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández-García
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Santana
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Pezhman Ashoo
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega-Forte
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (SteBiCeF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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2
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Ortega-Forte E, Rovira A, López-Corrales M, Hernández-García A, Ballester FJ, Izquierdo-García E, Jordà-Redondo M, Bosch M, Nonell S, Santana MD, Ruiz J, Marchán V, Gasser G. A near-infrared light-activatable Ru(ii)-coumarin photosensitizer active under hypoxic conditions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7170-7184. [PMID: 37416722 PMCID: PMC10321499 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01844j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, the oxygen dependency of PDT to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) hampers its therapeutic efficacy, especially against hypoxic solid tumors. In addition, some photosensitizers (PSs) have dark toxicity and are only activatable with short wavelengths such as blue or UV-light, which suffer from poor tissue penetration. Herein, we developed a novel hypoxia-active PS with operability in the near-infrared (NIR) region based on the conjugation of a cyclometalated Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex of the type [Ru(C^N)(N^N)2] to a NIR-emitting COUPY dye. The novel Ru(ii)-coumarin conjugate exhibits water-solubility, dark stability in biological media and high photostability along with advantageous luminescent properties that facilitate both bioimaging and phototherapy. Spectroscopic and photobiological studies revealed that this conjugate efficiently generates singlet oxygen and superoxide radical anions, thereby achieving high photoactivity toward cancer cells upon highly-penetrating 740 nm light irradiation even under hypoxic environments (2% O2). The induction of ROS-mediated cancer cell death upon low-energy wavelength irradiation along with the low dark toxicity exerted by this Ru(ii)-coumarin conjugate could circumvent tissue penetration issues while alleviating the hypoxia limitation of PDT. As such, this strategy could pave the way to the development of novel NIR- and hypoxia-active Ru(ii)-based theragnostic PSs fuelled by the conjugation of tunable, low molecular-weight COUPY fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ortega-Forte
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) E-30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Anna Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta López-Corrales
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Alba Hernández-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) E-30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco José Ballester
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) E-30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Eduardo Izquierdo-García
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology F-75005 Paris France
| | - Mireia Jordà-Redondo
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Vía Augusta 390 E-08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona Av. Diagonal 643 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Vía Augusta 390 E-08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - María Dolores Santana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) E-30071 Murcia Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) E-30071 Murcia Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) Martí i Franquès 1-11 E-08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology F-75005 Paris France
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Rovira A, Ortega-Forte E, Hally C, Jordà-Redondo M, Abad-Montero D, Vigueras G, Martínez JI, Bosch M, Nonell S, Ruiz J, Marchán V. Exploring Structure-Activity Relationships in Photodynamic Therapy Anticancer Agents Based on Ir(III)-COUPY Conjugates. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37265008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy holds great promise as a non-invasive anticancer tool against drug-resistant cancers. However, highly effective, non-toxic, and reliable photosensitizers with operability under hypoxic conditions remain to be developed. Herein, we took the advantageous properties of COUPY fluorophores and cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes to develop novel PDT agents based on Ir(III)-COUPY conjugates with the aim of exploring structure-activity relationships. The structural modifications carried out within the coumarin scaffold had a strong impact on the photophysical properties and cellular uptake of the conjugates. All Ir(III)-COUPY conjugates exhibited high phototoxicity under green light irradiation, which was attributed to the photogeneration of ROS, while remaining non-toxic in the dark. Among them, two hit conjugates showed excellent phototherapeutic indexes in cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cancer cells, both in normoxia and in hypoxia, suggesting that photoactive therapy approaches based on the conjugation of far-red/NIR-emitting COUPY dyes and transition metal complexes could effectively tackle in vitro acquired resistance to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega-Forte
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cormac Hally
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Vía Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà-Redondo
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Vía Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Abad-Montero
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Vigueras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesús I Martínez
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E- 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Vía Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Ortega-Forte E, Hernández-García S, Vigueras G, Henarejos-Escudero P, Cutillas N, Ruiz J, Gandía-Herrero F. Potent anticancer activity of a novel iridium metallodrug via oncosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:510. [PMID: 36066676 PMCID: PMC9448686 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oncosis (from Greek ónkos, meaning "swelling") is a non-apoptotic cell death process related to energy depletion. In contrast to apoptosis, which is the main form of cell death induced by anticancer drugs, oncosis has been relatively less explored but holds potential to overcome drug resistance phenomena. In this study, we report a novel rationally designed mitochondria-targeted iridium(III) complex (OncoIr3) with advantageous properties as a bioimaging agent. OncoIr3 exhibited potent anticancer activity in vitro against cancer cells and displayed low toxicity to normal dividing cells. Flow cytometry and fluorescence-based assays confirmed an apoptosis-independent mechanism involving energy depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular swelling that matched with the oncotic process. Furthermore, a Caenorhabditis elegans tumoral model was developed to test this compound in vivo, which allowed us to prove a strong oncosis-derived antitumor activity in animals (with a 41% reduction of tumor area). Indeed, OncoIr3 was non-toxic to the nematodes and extended their mean lifespan by 18%. Altogether, these findings might shed new light on the development of anticancer metallodrugs with non-conventional modes of action such as oncosis, which could be of particular interest for the treatment of apoptosis-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ortega-Forte
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Murcia BioHealth Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A. Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Vigueras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Murcia BioHealth Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A. Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Cutillas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Murcia BioHealth Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Murcia BioHealth Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A. Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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5
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Bonelli J, Ortega-Forte E, Rovira A, Bosch M, Torres O, Cuscó C, Rocas J, Ruiz J, Marchán V. Improving Photodynamic Therapy Anticancer Activity of a Mitochondria-Targeted Coumarin Photosensitizer Using a Polyurethane-Polyurea Hybrid Nanocarrier. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2900-2913. [PMID: 35695426 PMCID: PMC9277592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Integration of photosensitizers
(PSs) within nanoscale delivery
systems offers great potential for overcoming some of the “Achiles’
heels” of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we have encapsulated
a mitochondria-targeted coumarin PS into amphoteric polyurethane–polyurea
hybrid nanocapsules (NCs) with the aim of developing novel nanoPDT
agents. The synthesis of coumarin-loaded NCs involved the nanoemulsification
of a suitable prepolymer in the presence of a PS without needing external
surfactants, and the resulting small nanoparticles showed improved
photostability compared with the free compound. Nanoencapsulation
reduced dark cytotoxicity of the coumarin PS and significantly improved
in vitro photoactivity with red light toward cancer cells, which resulted
in higher phototherapeutic indexes compared to free PS. Importantly,
this nanoformulation impaired tumoral growth of clinically relevant
three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids. Mitochondrial photodamage
along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) photogeneration was found
to trigger autophagy and apoptotic cell death of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Bonelli
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Nanobiotechnological Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria 7, L'Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega-Forte
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Anna Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics i Tecnològics (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Torres
- Nanobiotechnological Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria 7, L'Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuscó
- Nanobiotechnological Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria 7, L'Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Rocas
- Nanobiotechnological Polymers Division, Ecopol Tech, S.L., El Foix Business Park, Indústria 7, L'Arboç del Penedès, 43720 Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Bonelli J, Ortega-Forte E, Vigueras G, Bosch M, Cutillas N, Rocas J, Ruiz J, Marchan V. Polyurethane-polyurea hybrid nanocapsules as efficient delivery systems of anticancer Ir(III) metallodrugs. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01542g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes hold great promise as an alternative to platinum metallodrugs for therapy and diagnosis of cancer. However, low aqueous solubility and poor cell membrane permeability difficult in vivo...
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7
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Ortega-Forte E, Rovira A, Gandioso A, Bonelli J, Bosch M, Ruiz J, Marchán V. COUPY Coumarins as Novel Mitochondria-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17209-17220. [PMID: 34797672 PMCID: PMC8667040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment has drawn increased attention over the last decades. Herein, we introduce a novel family of low-molecular-weight coumarins as potential PDT anticancer tools. Through a systematic study with a library of 15 compounds, we have established a detailed structure-activity relationship rationale, which allowed the selection of three lead compounds exhibiting effective in vitro anticancer activities upon visible-light irradiation in both normoxia and hypoxia (phototherapeutic indexes up to 71) and minimal toxicity toward normal cells. Acting as excellent theranostic agents targeting mitochondria, the mechanism of action of the photosensitizers has been investigated in detail in HeLa cells. The generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, which has been found to be a major contributor of the coumarins' phototoxicity, and the induction of apoptosis and/or autophagy have been identified as the cell death modes triggered after irradiation with low doses of visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ortega-Forte
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia E-30071, Spain
| | - Anna Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1−11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Albert Gandioso
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1−11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Joaquín Bonelli
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1−11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat
de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics
i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Murcia and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia E-30071, Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Orgànica, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1−11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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