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Tubbs JD, Leung PB, Zhong Y, Zhan N, Hui TC, Ho KK, Hung KS, Cheung EF, So HC, Lui SS, Sham PC. Pathway-Specific Polygenic Scores Improve Cross-Ancestry Prediction of Psychosis and Clinical Outcomes. medRxiv 2023:2023.09.01.23294957. [PMID: 37790317 PMCID: PMC10543247 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.23294957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are debilitating conditions with disproportionately high public health burden. Genetic studies indicate high heritability, but current polygenic scores (PGS) account for only a fraction of variance in psychosis risk. PGS often show poor portability across ancestries, performing significantly worse in non-European populations. Pathway-specific PGS (pPGS), which restrict PGS to genomic locations within distinct biological units, could lead to increased mechanistic understanding of pathways that lead to risk and improve cross-ancestry prediction by reducing noise in genetic predictors. This study examined the predictive power of genome-wide PGS and nine pathway-specific pPGS in a unique Chinese-ancestry sample of deeply-phenotyped psychosis patients and non-psychiatric controls. We found strong evidence for the involvement of schizophrenia-associated risk variants within "nervous system development" (p=2.5e-4) and "regulation of neuron differentiation" pathways (p=3.0e-4) in predicting risk for psychosis. We also found the "ion channel complex" pPGS, with weights derived from GWAS of bipolar disorder, to be strongly associated with the number of inpatient psychiatry admissions a patient experiences (p=1.5e-3) and account for a majority of the signal in the overall bipolar PGS. Importantly, although the schizophrenia genome-wide PGS alone explained only 3.7% of the variance in liability to psychosis in this Chinese ancestry sample, the addition of the schizophrenia-weighted pPGS for "nervous system development" and "regulation of neuron differentiation" increased the variance explained to 6.9%, which is on-par with the predictive power of PGS in European ancestry samples. Thus, not only can pPGS provide greater insight into mechanisms underlying genetic risk for disease and clinical outcomes, but may also improve cross-ancestry risk prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Tubbs
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Perry B.M. Leung
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Yuanxin Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tomy C.K. Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Karen K.Y. Ho
- Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Karen S.Y. Hung
- Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eric F.C. Cheung
- Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Simon S.Y. Lui
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Ni G, Moser G, Wray NR, Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier DA, Huang H, Pers TH, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu SA, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Bergen SE, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli TB, Black DW, Bruggeman R, Buccola NG, Buckner RL, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor RM, Carr VJ, Carrera N, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RC, Chen RY, Chen EY, Cheng W, Cheung EF, Chong SA, Cloninger CR, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley JJ, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis KL, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous AH, Farrell MS, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Friedl M, Friedman JI, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere ML, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hirschhorn JN, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard MV, Hougaard DM, Ikeda M, Joa I, Juliá A, Kahn RS, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller MC, Kennedy JL, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles JA, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene ZA, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kähler AK, Laurent C, Keong JLC, Legge SE, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Lönnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson PK, Maher BS, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsda M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Meier S, Meijer CJ, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris DW, Mors O, Murphy KC, Murray RM, Myin-Germeys I, Müller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Nicodemus KK, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill FA, Oh SY, Olinc A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Papio S, Parkhomenko E, Pato MT, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins DO, Pietiläinenl O, Pimm J, Pocklington AJ, Powell J, Price A, Pulver AE, Purcell SM, Quested D, Rasmussen HB, Reichenberg A, Reimers MA, Richards AL, Roffman JL, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Schall U, Schubert CR, Schulze TG, Schwab SG, Scolnick EM, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman JM, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller JW, So HC, Spencer CC, Stah EA, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub RE, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Szatkiewicz JP, Söderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb BT, Weiser M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Williams S, Witt SH, Wolen AR, Wong EH, Wormley BK, Xi HS, Zai CC, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Stefansson K, Visscher PM, Adolfsson R, Andreassen OA, Blackwood DH, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Børglum AD, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman PV, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman CM, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jönsson EG, Kendler KS, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, McCarrol SA, McQuillin A, Moran JL, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Pato CN, Petryshen TL, Posthuma D, Rietsche M, Riley BP, Rujescu D, Sham PC, Sklar P, St Clair D, Weinberger DR, Wendland JR, Werge T, Daly MJ, Sullivan PF, O’Donovan MC. Estimation of Genetic Correlation via Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Genomic Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:1185-1194. [PMID: 29754766 PMCID: PMC5993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlation is a key population parameter that describes the shared genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. It can be estimated by current state-of-art methods, i.e., linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and genomic restricted maximum likelihood (GREML). The massively reduced computing burden of LDSC compared to GREML makes it an attractive tool, although the accuracy (i.e., magnitude of standard errors) of LDSC estimates has not been thoroughly studied. In simulation, we show that the accuracy of GREML is generally higher than that of LDSC. When there is genetic heterogeneity between the actual sample and reference data from which LD scores are estimated, the accuracy of LDSC decreases further. In real data analyses estimating the genetic correlation between schizophrenia (SCZ) and body mass index, we show that GREML estimates based on ∼150,000 individuals give a higher accuracy than LDSC estimates based on ∼400,000 individuals (from combined meta-data). A GREML genomic partitioning analysis reveals that the genetic correlation between SCZ and height is significantly negative for regulatory regions, which whole genome or LDSC approach has less power to detect. We conclude that LDSC estimates should be carefully interpreted as there can be uncertainty about homogeneity among combined meta-datasets. We suggest that any interesting findings from massive LDSC analysis for a large number of complex traits should be followed up, where possible, with more detailed analyses with GREML methods, even if sample sizes are lesser.
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Liu WH, Roiser JP, Wang LZ, Zhu YH, Huang J, Neumann DL, Shum DHK, Cheung EF, Chan RCK. Anhedonia is associated with blunted reward sensitivity in first-degree relatives of patients with major depression. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:640-648. [PMID: 26590511 PMCID: PMC5330646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia is a cardinal feature of major depression and is hypothesized to be driven by low motivation, in particular blunted reward sensitivity. It has been suggested to be a marker that represents a genetic predisposition to this disorder. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this heightened risk in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with major depression. We previously demonstrated abnormal reward biases in acutely depressed patients. The present study aimed to examine the development of reward bias in first-degree relatives of patients with major depression. METHODS Forty-seven first-degree relatives of patients with major depression (26 females, age 18-52) and 60 healthy controls with no family history of depression (34 females, age 21-48) were recruited. A probabilistically rewarded difficult visual discrimination task, in which participants were instructed about the contingencies, was used to assess blunted reward sensitivity. A response bias towards the more frequently rewarded stimulus (termed "reward bias") was the primary outcome variable in this study. Participants also completed self-reported measures of anhedonia and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Compared with the control group, relatives of patients with major depression with sub-clinical depressive symptoms displayed a blunted reward bias. Relatives without symptoms displayed largely intact motivational processing on both self-report and experimental measures. The degree of anhedonia was associated with attenuated reward bias in first-degree relatives of patients with major depression, especially in those with sub-clinical symptoms. LIMITATIONS The study did not include a depressed patient group, which restricted our ability to interpret the observed group differences. CONCLUSIONS Blunted reward sensitivity may be largely manifested in a subgroup of relatives with high levels of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-hua Liu
- Faculty of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ling-zhi Wang
- Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-hua Zhu
- Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David L. Neumann
- Behavioural Basis Health Research Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Australia
| | - David H. K. Shum
- Behavioural Basis Health Research Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Australia
| | - Eric F.C. Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,All correspondence should be addressed to: Raymond Chan, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing, China; Tel/Fax: +86(0)10 64836274;
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Chan RC, Huang J, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Lai YY, Hong N, Shum DH, Cheung EF, Yu X, Dazzan P. Prefrontal cortex connectivity dysfunction in performing the Fist-Edge-Palm task in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and non-psychotic first-degree relatives. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 9:411-7. [PMID: 26594623 PMCID: PMC4596919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurological soft signs have been considered one of the promising neurological endophenotypes for schizophrenia. However, most previous studies have employed clinical rating data only. The present study aimed to examine the neurobiological basis of one of the typical motor coordination signs, the Fist–Edge–Palm (FEP) task, in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and their non-psychotic first degree relatives. Thirteen patients with first-episode schizophrenia, 14 non-psychotic first-degree relatives and 14 healthy controls were recruited. All of them were instructed to perform the FEP task in a 3 T GE Machine. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was used to evaluate the functional connectivity between the sensorimotor cortex and frontal regions when participants performed the FEP task compared to simple motor tasks. In the contrast of palm-tapping (PT) vs. rest, activation of the left frontal–parietal region was lowest in the schizophrenia group, intermediate in the relative group and highest in the healthy control group. In the contrast of FEP vs. PT, patients with schizophrenia did not show areas of significant activation, while relatives and healthy controls showed significant activation of the left middle frontal gyrus. Moreover, with the increase in task complexity, significant functional connectivity was observed between the sensorimotor cortex and the right frontal gyrus in healthy controls but not in patients with first episode schizophrenia. These findings suggest that activity of the left frontal–parietal and frontal regions may be neurofunctional correlates of neurological soft signs, which in turn may be a potential endophenotype of schizophrenia. Moreover, the right frontal gyrus may play a specific role in the execution of the FEP task in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Examine the neurobiological basis of the typical Fist–Edge–Palm (FEP) signs Patients with first-episode schizophrenia showed functional connectivity of the FEP signs. Right frontal gyrus plays a specific role in the FEP in patients and non-psychotic first-degree relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C.K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 526, South Building, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing, China. Tel./fax: +86 10 64836274.Institute of PsychologyChinese Academy of Sciences526, South Building16 Lincui RoadBeijingChina
| | - Jia Huang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Applied Psychology and Behavioral Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-yao Lai
- Radiology Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking, China
| | - Nan Hong
- Radiology Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking, China
| | - David H.K. Shum
- School of Applied Psychology and Behavioral Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
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Wong EH, So HC, Li M, Wang Q, Butler AW, Paul B, Wu HM, Hui TC, Choi SC, So MT, Garcia-Barcelo MM, McAlonan GM, Chen EY, Cheung EF, Chan RC, Purcell SM, Cherny SS, Chen RR, Li T, Sham PC. Common variants on Xq28 conferring risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:777-86. [PMID: 24043878 PMCID: PMC4059435 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable, severe psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the world population. A substantial portion of heritability is still unexplained and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains to be elucidated. To identify more schizophrenia susceptibility loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 498 patients with schizophrenia and 2025 controls from the Han Chinese population, and a follow-up study on 1027 cases and 1005 controls. In the follow-up study, we included 384 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which were selected from the top hits in our GWAS (130 SNPs) and from previously implicated loci for schizophrenia based on the SZGene database, NHGRI GWAS Catalog, copy number variation studies, GWAS meta-analysis results from the international Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and candidate genes from plausible biological pathways (254 SNPs). Within the chromosomal region Xq28, SNP rs2269372 in RENBP achieved genome-wide significance with a combined P value of 3.98 × 10(-8) (OR of allele A = 1.31). SNPs with suggestive P values were identified within 2 genes that have been previously implicated in schizophrenia, MECP2 (rs2734647, P combined = 8.78 × 10(-7), OR = 1.28; rs2239464, P combined = 6.71 × 10(-6), OR = 1.26) and ARHGAP4 (rs2269368, P combined = 4.74 × 10(-7), OR = 1.25). In addition, the patient sample in our follow-up study showed a significantly greater burden for pre-defined risk alleles based on the SNPs selected than the controls. This indicates the existence of schizophrenia susceptibility loci among the SNPs we selected. This also further supports multigenic inheritance in schizophrenia. Our findings identified a new schizophrenia susceptibility locus on Xq28, which harbor the genes RENBP, MECP2, and ARHGAP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H.M. Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,
Co-first authors
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,
Co-first authors
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quang Wang
- The Mental Health Centre and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Amy W. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Basil Paul
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hei-Man Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tomy C.K. Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Chung Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Ting So
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria-Mercè Garcia-Barcelo
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grainne M. McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
| | - Eric Y.H. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Raymond C.K. Chan
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,State Key Laboratory in Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong King, China
| | - Ronald R.L. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Li
- The Mental Health Centre and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong King, China;
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