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Efaw CM, Wu Q, Gao N, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Gering K, Hurley MF, Xiong H, Hu E, Cao X, Xu W, Zhang JG, Dufek EJ, Xiao J, Yang XQ, Liu J, Qi Y, Li B. Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures. Nat Mater 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01700-3. [PMID: 37932334 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid electrolytes in batteries are typically treated as macroscopically homogeneous ionic transport media despite having a complex chemical composition and atomistic solvation structures, leaving a knowledge gap of the microstructural characteristics. Here, we reveal a unique micelle-like structure in a localized high-concentration electrolyte, in which the solvent acts as a surfactant between an insoluble salt in a diluent. The miscibility of the solvent with the diluent and simultaneous solubility of the salt results in a micelle-like structure with a smeared interface and an increased salt concentration at the centre of the salt-solvent clusters that extends the salt solubility. These intermingling miscibility effects have temperature dependencies, wherein a typical localized high-concentration electrolyte peaks in localized cluster salt concentration near room temperature and is used to form a stable solid-electrolyte interphase on a Li metal anode. These findings serve as a guide to predicting a stable ternary phase diagram and connecting the electrolyte microstructure with electrolyte formulation and formation protocols of solid-electrolyte interphases for enhanced battery cyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey M Efaw
- Energy and Environmental Science and Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ningshengjie Gao
- Energy and Environmental Science and Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Kevin Gering
- Energy and Environmental Science and Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Michael F Hurley
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Xia Cao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wu Xu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Eric J Dufek
- Energy and Environmental Science and Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Bin Li
- Energy and Environmental Science and Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA.
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA.
- Energy Science and Technology Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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Yang Z, Tanim TR, Liu H, Bloom I, Dufek EJ, Key B, Ingram BJ. Quantitative Analysis of Origin of Lithium Inventory Loss and Interface Evolution over Extended Fast Charge Aging in Li Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:37410-37421. [PMID: 37493566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
During the extreme fast charging (XFC) of lithium-ion batteries, lithium inventory loss (LLI) and reaction mechanisms at the anode/electrolyte interface are crucial factors in performance and safety. Determining the causes of LLI and quantifying them remain an essential challenge. We present mechanistic research on the evolution and interactions of aging mechanisms at the anode/electrolyte interface. We used NMC532/graphite pouch cells charged at rates of 1, 6, and 9 C up to 1000 cycles for our investigation. The cell components were characterized after cycling using electrochemical measurements, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, 7Li solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results indicate that cells charged at 1 C exhibit no Li plating, and the increase of SEI thickness is the dominant source of the Li loss. In contrast, Li loss in cells charged at 9 C is related to the formation of the metallic plating layers (42%) the SEI layer (38.1%) and irreversible intercalation into the bulk graphite (19%). XPS analysis suggests that the charging rate has little influence on the evolution of SEI composition. The interactions between competing aging mechanisms were evaluated by a correlation analysis. The quantitative method established in this work provides a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding the synergistic coupling of anodic degradation mechanisms, forecasting SEI failure scenarios, and assessing the XFC lithium-ion battery capacity fade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tanvir R Tanim
- Energy Storage & Electric Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Haoyu Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ira Bloom
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Eric J Dufek
- Energy Storage & Electric Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Baris Key
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brian J Ingram
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Wang Q, Diaz Aldana LA, Dufek EJ, Ginosar DM, Klaehn JR, Shi M. Electrification and Decarbonization of Spent Li-ion Batteries Purification by Using an Electrochemical Membrane Reactor. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Fang Z, Confer MP, Wang Y, Wang Q, Kunz MR, Dufek EJ, Liaw B, Klein TM, Dixon DA, Fushimi R. Formation of Surface Impurities on Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Oxides in the Presence of CO 2 and H 2O. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10261-10274. [PMID: 34213895 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface impurities involving parasitic reactions and gas evolution contribute to the degradation of high Ni content LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) cathode materials. The transient kinetic technique of temporal analysis of products (TAP), density functional theory, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to study the formation of surface impurities on varying nickel content NMC materials (NMC811, NMC622, NMC532, NMC433, NMC111) in the presence of CO2 and H2O. CO2 reactivity on a clean surface as characterized by CO2 conversion rate in the TAP reactor follows the order: NMC811 > NMC622 > NMC532 > NMC433 > NMC111. The capacity of CO2 uptake follows a different order: NMC532 > NMC433 > NMC622 > NMC811 > NMC111. Moisture pretreatment slows down the direct CO2 adsorption process and creates additional active sites for CO2 adsorption. Electronic structure calculations predict that the (012) surface is more reactive than the (1014) surface for CO2 and H2O adsorption. CO2 adsorption leading to carbonate formation is exothermic with formation of ion pairs. The average CO2 binding energies on the different materials follow the CO2 reactivity order. Water hydroxylates the (012) surface and surface OH groups favor bicarbonate formation. Water creates more active sites for CO2 adsorption on the (1014) surface due to hydrogen bonding. The composition of surface impurities formed in ambient air exposure is dependent on water concentration and the percentage of different crystal planes. Different surface reactivities suggest that battery performance degradation due to surface impurities can be mitigated by precise control of the dominant surfaces in NMC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtang Fang
- Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Matthew P Confer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yixiao Wang
- Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Qiang Wang
- Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - M Ross Kunz
- Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Eric J Dufek
- Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Boryann Liaw
- Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Tonya M Klein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Rebecca Fushimi
- Biological and Chemical Science and Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
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Gao N, Abboud AW, Mattei GS, Li Z, Corrao AA, Fang C, Liaw B, Meng YS, Khalifah PG, Dufek EJ, Li B. Fast Diagnosis of Failure Mechanisms and Lifetime Prediction of Li Metal Batteries. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2000807. [PMID: 34927895 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal serving as an anode has the potential to double or triple stored energies in rechargeable Li batteries. However, they typically have short cycling lifetimes due to parasitic reactions between the Li metal and electrolyte. It is critically required to develop early fault-detection methods for different failure mechanisms and quick lifetime-prediction methods to ensure rapid development. Prior efforts to determine the dominant failure mechanisms have typically required destructive cell disassembly. In this study, non-destructive diagnostic method based on rest voltages and coulombic efficiency are used to easily distinguish the different failure mechanisms-from loss of Li inventory, electrolyte depletion, and increased cell impedance-which are deeply understood and well validated by experiments and modeling. Using this new diagnostic method, the maximum lifetime of a Li metal cell can be quickly predicted from tests of corresponding anode-free cells, which is important for the screenings of electrolytes, anode stabilization, optimization of operating conditions, and rational battery design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningshengjie Gao
- Energy Storage & Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Alexander W Abboud
- Energy Storage & Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Gerard S Mattei
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Adam A Corrao
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Chengcheng Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Boryann Liaw
- Energy Storage & Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter G Khalifah
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Eric J Dufek
- Energy Storage & Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Energy Storage & Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
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Wang X, Pawar G, Li Y, Ren X, Zhang M, Lu B, Banerjee A, Liu P, Dufek EJ, Zhang JG, Xiao J, Liu J, Meng YS, Liaw B. Glassy Li metal anode for high-performance rechargeable Li batteries. Nat Mater 2020; 19:1339-1345. [PMID: 32719511 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal has been considered an ideal anode for high-energy rechargeable Li batteries, although its nucleation and growth process remains mysterious, especially at the nanoscale. Here, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy was used to reveal the evolving nanostructure of Li metal deposits at various transient states in the nucleation and growth process, in which a disorder-order phase transition was observed as a function of current density and deposition time. The atomic interaction over wide spatial and temporal scales was depicted by reactive molecular dynamics simulations to assist in understanding the kinetics. Compared to crystalline Li, glassy Li outperforms in electrochemical reversibility, and it has a desired structure for high-energy rechargeable Li batteries. Our findings correlate the crystallinity of the nuclei with the subsequent growth of the nanostructure and morphology, and provide strategies to control and shape the mesostructure of Li metal to achieve high performance in rechargeable Li batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gorakh Pawar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Yejing Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodi Ren
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Minghao Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bingyu Lu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Abhik Banerjee
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Dufek
- Department of Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Boryann Liaw
- Department of Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA.
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Hossain MJ, Pawar G, Liaw B, Gering KL, Dufek EJ, van Duin ACT. Lithium-electrolyte solvation and reaction in the electrolyte of a lithium ion battery: A ReaxFF reactive force field study. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:184301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0003333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md Jamil Hossain
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83402, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Gorakh Pawar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83402, USA
| | - Boryann Liaw
- Department of Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation, Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83402, USA
| | - Kevin L. Gering
- Department of Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation, Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83402, USA
| | - Eric J. Dufek
- Department of Energy Storage and Advanced Transportation, Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83402, USA
| | - Adri C. T. van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Colclasure AM, Tanim TR, Jansen AN, Trask SE, Dunlop AR, Polzin BJ, Bloom I, Robertson D, Flores L, Evans M, Dufek EJ, Smith K. Electrode scale and electrolyte transport effects on extreme fast charging of lithium-ion cells. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dufek EJ, Klaehn JR, McNally JS, Rollins HW, Jamison DK. Use of phosphoranimines to reduce organic carbonate content in Li-ion battery electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dufek EJ, Picker M, Petkovic LM. Density impact on performance of composite Si/graphite electrodes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-016-0932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dufek EJ, Ehlert B, Granger MC, Sandrock TM, Legge SL, Herrmann MG, Meikle AW, Porter MD. Competitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering assay for the 1,25-dihydroxy metabolite of vitamin D3. Analyst 2010; 135:2811-7. [PMID: 20830325 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and preliminary testing of a competitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunoassay for calcitriol, the 1,25-dihydroxy metabolite (1,25-(OH)(2)-D(3)) of vitamin D(3). Deficiencies in 1,25-(OH)(2)-D have been linked to renal disease, while elevations are linked to hypercalcemia. Thus, there has been a sharp increase in the clinical demand for measurements of this metabolite. The work herein extends the many attributes of SERS-based sandwich immunoassays that have been exploited extensively in the detection of large biolytes (e.g., DNA, proteins, viruses, and microorganisms) into a competitive immunoassay for the low level determination of a small biolyte, 1,25-(OH)(2)-D(3) (M(w) = 416 g mol(-1)). The assay uses surface modified gold nanoparticles as SERS labels, and has a dynamic range of 10-200 pg mL(-1) and a limit of detection of 8.4 ± 1.8 pg mL(-1). These analytical performance metrics match those of tests for 1,25-(OH)(2)-D(3) that rely on radio- or enzyme-labels, while using a much smaller sample volume and eliminating the disposal of radioactive wastes. Moreover, the SERS-based data from pooled-patient sera show strong agreement with that from radioimmunoassays. The merits and potential utility of this new assay are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Dufek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Wang G, Driskell JD, Hill AA, Dufek EJ, Lipert RJ, Porter MD. Rotationally induced hydrodynamics: fundamentals and applications to high-speed bioassays. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 2010; 3:387-407. [PMID: 20636048 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays are indispensable tools in areas ranging from fundamental life science research to clinical practice. Improving assay speed and levels of detection will have a profound impact in all of these areas. We recently developed a rapid, sensitive format for immunosorbent assays that expedites antigen mass transport by rotating the capture substrate. This review outlines the theoretical foundation of rotationally induced hydrodynamics and its application in heterogeneous assays. We describe a general solution that solves the rates of immunoreactions on rotating capture substrates, taking into account both diffusion and the rate of reaction between antibody and antigen. The general solution applies to a wide range of rotation rates, including mass transport-limited to reaction rate-limited assays, and is validated experimentally. We discuss several applications that demonstrate how immunoassays can be tailored to increase speed as well as lower the limit of detection of viral particles, pathogens, toxins, and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gufeng Wang
- Institute for Physical Research and Technology, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA
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Zhang D, Dufek EJ, Clennan EL. Syntheses, Characterizations, and Properties of Electronically Perturbed 1,1‘-Dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridinium Tetrafluoroborates. J Org Chem 2005; 71:315-9. [PMID: 16388650 DOI: 10.1021/jo052127i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The syntheses of three new 2,2'-bipyridinium tetrafluoroborate sensitizers are reported. Their preliminary electrochemical and photophysical properties are compared to the properties of the more widely used pyrylium cation sensitizers. In addition, the first examples of triplet-triplet absorption spectra of 2,2'-bipyridinium ions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
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Dufek EJ, DeJarlais WJ. Preparation of some linseed esters of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside using the methoxycarbonyl blocking group. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1965; 42:1104-10. [PMID: 5897916 DOI: 10.1007/bf02636921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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