How medical students' trauma histories affect their clinical clerkship experiences

BACKGROUND

As the gender demographics of medical students have evolved over the past decades, it is important to understand potential stressors and challenges that may affect clinical learning experiences. This study investigated the prevalence of prior sexual assault (SA) and interpersonal violence (IPV) in medical students and how these affect their clinical clerkship experiences.

METHODS

A survey was distributed to third- and fourth-year medical students at a single institution in August 2022 querying respondents on demographics and prior experiences with SA/IPV at any point in their lives. Respondents who indicated they had previously experienced SA/IPV were directed to questions about how these experiences affected clerkships.

FINDINGS

Of 419 students, 125 responded to the survey (30.8% response rate). Forty (31.1%) reported a history of SA/IPV-32 (80.0%) women, five (12.5%) men, and three (7.5%) who did not report gender or identified as non-binary. Of the 40 respondents with a history of SA/IPV, 20 (50.0%) reported that their prior history affected their overall clinical experience, and nine (22.5%) felt that it affected their performance. Only seven (17.5%) reported using any resources, such as counselling, during their clerkships. Narrative responses discussed significant effects on performing physical exams, taking a history, interacting with team members, and engaging during clerkships.

DISCUSSION

This work demonstrates the high number of students affected by SA/IPV and how these prior experiences affected core components of their clerkship experiences.

CONCLUSIONS

Institutions must be proactive to create better supports for learners with histories of trauma, including SA/IPV.

Erratum: Skull Base Registries: A Roadmap

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1055/a-1934-9191.].

Skull Base Registries: A Roadmap

Hospitals, payors, and patients increasingly expect us to report our outcomes in more detail and to justify our treatment decisions and costs. Although there are many stakeholders in surgical outcomes, physicians must take the lead role in defining how outcomes are assessed. Skull base lesions interact with surrounding anatomy to produce a complex spectrum of presentations and surgical challenges, requiring a wide variety of surgical approaches. Moreover, many skull base lesions are relatively rare. These factors and others often preclude the use of prospective randomized clinical trials, thus necessitating alternate methods of scientific inquiry. In this paper, we propose a roadmap for implementing a skull base registry, along with expected benefits and challenges.

Medical Improvisation Training for all Medical Students: 3-Year Experience

INTRODUCTION

Effective communication has been shown to improve patients' health outcomes. This study utilizes medical improvisation techniques to teach communication skills to an entire medical school class.

METHODS

Required workshops were held for entering third-year students from 2005 to 2017. Workshop evaluations were obtained immediately following each session and at 3 months post-workshop for one cohort.

RESULTS

Four hundred ninety-four medical students participated in the improvisation workshops. Over 90% of students rated the workshops as above average or excellent. Students reported a gain in insights regarding their role as a physician (≥ 90%), an improvement in their ability to demonstrate effective communication (80-87%), and a positive impact on teamwork (91-93%). At 3 months post-workshop, 84% of students reported they had used at least 1 improvisation skill on their clinical wards (50% response rate).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that medical improvisation exercises can be scaled to an entire class of medical students versus a self-selected group of students. Further, we found that students felt that it improved their communication. This study also provides new insights regarding specific improvisation exercises that are most useful for the clinical environment.

Sinonasal Melanoma: A Single Institutional Analysis and Future Directions

Background  Sinonasal melanoma is a rare disease with a high mortality rate. The surgical management paradigm has significantly changed over the past decade with the introduction of expanded endonasal techniques. There have also been advances in management of metastatic and locally advanced disease with the advent of immunotherapy. Methods  Single-institution retrospective review of adult patients with sinonasal melanoma, surgically managed at the University of Michigan over a 9-year period. Thirty-one patients met inclusion criteria. All patients were retrospectively staged according to the 7th Edition AJCC staging system for mucosal melanoma. Parameters that may affect survival were analyzed using Cox's proportional hazard models and survival outcomes were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Additionally, a review of three patients with distant metastatic disease receiving immunotherapy is presented. Results  Most patients were managed endoscopically (67%), and had stage III disease (71%). However, 57% of stage IVB tumors were successfully managed endoscopically. Stage statistically impacted overall survival whereas distant control was impacted by stage, site of origin, mitotic rate, and necrosis. The 2-year overall survival for all stages was 77% which declined with advanced disease. Two-year locoregional control and distant control showed similar trends. Conclusion  Treatment of sinonasal melanoma has drastically changed over the past decade with increased use of expanded endonasal techniques. Our review revealed excellent 2-year overall survival in stage III disease with an appreciable decline in survival in more advanced disease. Immunotherapy may play a large role is future management given the high-risk of distant metastasis.

Decreased quality of life (QoL) in hypopituitary patients: involvement of glucocorticoid replacement and radiation therapy

PURPOSE

Hypopituitary patients are assumed to have decreased QoL due to GHD. However, in placebo controlled trials, the effects of GH replacement are no different from placebo. Hydrocortisone dose > 20 mg/day and pituitary radiation are independently associated with poorer QoL. We assessed QoL in panhypopituitary GH- deficient patients never treated with GH.

METHODS

Study group was divided into: (a) surgery followed by radiation (n = 21) and (b) surgery alone (n = 32). Mean duration of GHD was 71.4 ± 7.8 months and mean daily hydrocortisone dose was 15 ± 0.7 mg. Control group had transnasal surgery for benign sinus conditions (n = 54).

RESULTS

AGHDA scores were significantly worse in the entire study group compared to controls (8.1 ± 1.0 vs. 5.1 ± 0.9, p = 0.03). In patients with history of radiation therapy AGHDA scores were significantly worse than in controls (9.1 ± 1.5, p = 0.02) and SNOT-22 (Sino-Nasal Outcome Test) scores were also significantly worse (15.8 ± 2.0 vs. 23.2 ± 3.5, p = 0.04). However, AGHDA scores in patients without history of radiation and on "physiological" dose of hydrocortisone were similar to those in controls (5.1 ± 0.9 vs. 7.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.17).

CONCLUSIONS

Replacement with hydrocortisone doses not exceeding 20 mg/day and avoidance of radiation therapy was accompanied by normal QoL in patients not replaced with GH. Thus, we suggest that the decreased QoL in hypopituitary patients may not be due to GH deficiency per se, but rather to high hydrocortisone doses and to aftereffects of cranial radiation.

Blood-brain barrier-adapted precision medicine therapy for pediatric brain tumors

Targeted chemotherapeutics provide a promising new treatment option in neuro-oncology. The ability of these compounds to penetrate the blood-brain barrier is crucial for their successful incorporation into patient care. "CNS Targeted Agent Prediction" (CNS-TAP) is a multi-institutional and multidisciplinary translational program established at the University of Michigan for evaluating the central nervous system (CNS) activity of targeted therapies in neuro-oncology. In this report, we present the methodology of CNS-TAP in a series of pediatric and adolescent patients with high-risk brain tumors, for which molecular profiling (academic and commercial) was sought and targeted agents were incorporated. Four of five of the patients had potential clinical benefit (partial response or stable disease greater than 6 months on therapy). We further describe the specific drug properties of each agent chosen and discuss characteristics relevant in their evaluation for therapeutic suitability. Finally, we summarize both tumor and drug characteristics that impact the ability to successfully incorporate targeted therapies into CNS malignancy management.

Integration of high-risk human papillomavirus into cellular cancer-related genes in head and neck cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal cancer is generally associated with excellent response to therapy, but some HPV-positive tumors progress despite aggressive therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate viral oncogene expression and viral integration sites in HPV16- and HPV18-positive squamous cell carcinoma lines.

METHODS

E6/E7 alternate transcripts were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences (DIPS-PCR) and sequencing identified viral insertion sites and affected host genes. Cellular gene expression was assessed across viral integration sites.

RESULTS

All HPV-positive cell lines expressed alternate HPVE6/E7 splicing indicative of active viral oncogenesis. HPV integration occurred within cancer-related genes TP63, DCC, JAK1, TERT, ATR, ETV6, PGR, PTPRN2, and TMEM237 in 8 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines but UM-SCC-105 and UM-GCC-1 had only intergenic integration.

CONCLUSION

HPV integration into cancer-related genes occurred in 7 of 9 HPV-positive cell lines and of these 6 were from tumors that progressed. HPV integration into cancer-related genes may be a secondary carcinogenic driver in HPV-driven tumors. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 840-852, 2017.

Nasopharyngeal airway to prevent tension pneumocephalus after open resection of anterior skull base tumors

We conducted a retrospective study to assess the efficacy of using a nasopharyngeal airway in lieu of a tracheotomy or prolonged intubation for the diversion of airflow to prevent tension pneumocephalus after an open resection of anterior skull base tumors. Our study population was made up of 120 patients-74 males and 46 females, aged 12 to 84 years (mean: 48.7)-who had undergone an anterior skull base resection with documented nasopharyngeal airway placement from 1996 through 2009. Our main outcome measure was the presence of tension pneumocephalus while controlling for the placement of a lumbar drain, the development of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, and the type of reconstruction. All patients had been extubated on the day of surgery, and their nasopharyngeal airway had remained in place for 3 days. No documented complications of nasopharyngeal airway placement (e.g., nasal septum pressure necrosis or the displacement of tubes) had been documented. Tension pneumocephalus occurred in 3 patients (2.5%). A total of 33 patients (27.5%) received a lumbar drain, 14 (11.7%) experienced a CSF leak, and 5 (4.2%) had both. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of tension pneumocephalus between patients who did and did not receive a lumbar drain placement (p = 0.02), between those who did and did not experience a CSF leak (p = 0.04), and between those who did and did not meet both criteria (p = 0.004). We conclude that resection of anterior skull base tumors does not necessitate a prophylactic tracheotomy or prolonged intubation and that the use of a nasopharyngeal airway to divert airflow is well tolerated and highly successful. Lumbar drainage, the development of a CSF leak, or both may increase the risk of tension pneumocephalus.