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Zhang J, Hoedt EC, Liu Q, Berendsen E, Teh JJ, Hamilton A, O' Brien AW, Ching JYL, Wei H, Yang K, Xu Z, Wong SH, Mak JWY, Sung JJY, Morrison M, Yu J, Kamm MA, Ng SC. Elucidation of Proteus mirabilis as a Key Bacterium in Crohn's Disease Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:317-330.e11. [PMID: 33011176 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proteus spp, Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacilli, have recently been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence after intestinal resection. We investigated the genomic and functional role of Proteus as a gut pathogen in CD. METHODS Proteus spp abundance was assessed by ure gene-specific polymerase chain in 54 pairs of fecal samples and 101 intestinal biopsies from patients with CD and healthy controls. The adherence, invasion, and intracellular presence of 2 distinct isolates of Proteus mirabilis in epithelial cells were evaluated using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Intracellular gene expression profiles and regulated pathways were analyzed by RNA sequencing and KEGG pathway analysis. Biologic functions of 2 isolates of P mirabilis were determined by in vitro cell culture, and in vivo using conventional mice and germ-free mice. RESULTS Proteus spp were significantly more prevalent and abundant in fecal samples and colonic tissue of patients with CD than controls. A greater abundance of the genus Fusobacterium and a lesser abundance of the genus Faecalibacterium were seen in patients with CD with a high Proteus spp abundance. All 24 Proteus monoclones isolated from patients with CD belonged to members of P mirabilis lineages and 2 isolates, recovered from stool or mucosa, were used in further studies. Mice gavaged with either P mirabilis strain had more severe colonic inflammation. Co-culture of the isolates with epithelial cell lines showed bacterial adherence, invasion, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1α, and cell necrosis. Both isolates induced key pro-inflammatory pathways, including NOD-like receptor signaling, Jak-STAT signaling, and MAPK signaling, and induced pro-inflammatory genes and activated inflammation-related pathways in gnotobiotic mice. CONCLUSIONS P mirabilis in the gut is associated with CD and can induce inflammation in cells and animal models of colitis. P mirabilis can act as a pathobiont and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwan Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily C Hoedt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erwin Berendsen
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jing Jie Teh
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amy Hamilton
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Wilson O' Brien
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica Y L Ching
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science at the Third Military Medical University in Chongqing, China
| | - Keli Yang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joyce W Y Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Michael A Kamm
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Abstract
Interference effects on task performance in conflict situations might reflect real limitations in inhibitory capabilities or failures to fully or consistently utilize such capabilities in executive control of task performance. We propose that useful clues regarding the actual cause of interference effects may be obtained from examination of their robustness within and between experimental conditions. We illustrate this approach for two major types of interference effects that have commonly been attributed to fundamental inhibitory limitations: Stroop-type interference and residual switch costs. We present results that indicate that these effects may not be unavoidable consequences of fundamental inhibitory limitations but may stem from goal neglect, i.e., failures to fully or effectively deploy inhibitory capabilities. These results indicate that, in addition to mean performance levels, variability of task performance may provide a valuable source of evidence regarding the actual cause of performance limitations or deficits in conflict situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Jong
- Institute of Experimental and Occupational Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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