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Rodrigues ABL, Lopes de Matos J, Martins RL, Ra ÉDM, Brandão LB, Santos LL, Faustino CG, Rodrigues de Oliveira F, Moreira da Silva de Almeida SS. Ethnopharmacological Use, Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Ayapana triplinervis (VAHL) R. M. King and H. Rob.: A Systematic Review. Pharmacogn Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.5530/phrev.2022.16.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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de Oliveira FR, da Silva NM, Hamoy M, Crespo-López ME, Ferreira IM, da Silva EO, de Matos Macchi B, do Nascimento JLM. The GABAergic System and Endocannabinoids in Epilepsy and Seizures: What Can We Expect from Plant Oils? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113595. [PMID: 35684543 PMCID: PMC9182121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures and epilepsy are some of the most common serious neurological disorders, with approximately 80% of patients living in developing/underdeveloped countries. However, about one in three patients do not respond to currently available pharmacological treatments, indicating the need for research into new anticonvulsant drugs (ACDs). The GABAergic system is the main inhibitory system of the brain and has a central role in seizures and the screening of new ACD candidates. It has been demonstrated that the action of agents on endocannabinoid receptors modulates the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters; however, studies on the anticonvulsant properties of endocannabinoids from plant oils are relatively scarce. The Amazon region is an important source of plant oils that can be used for the synthesis of new fatty acid amides, which are compounds analogous to endocannabinoids. The synthesis of such compounds represents an important approach for the development of new anticonvulsant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade e Bromatologia, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Nágila Monteiro da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Moisés Hamoy
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-López
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Irlon Maciel Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCT-INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Barbarella de Matos Macchi
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Rodrigues de Oliveira F, Eleuterio Rodrigues K, Hamoy M, Rodrigues Sarquis Í, Otake Hamoy A, Elena Crespo Lopez M, Maciel Ferreira I, de Matos Macchi B, Luiz Martins do Nascimento J. Fatty Acid Amides Synthesized from Andiroba Oil ( Carapa guianensis Aublet.) Exhibit Anticonvulsant Action with Modulation on GABA-A Receptor in Mice: A Putative Therapeutic Option. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13030043. [PMID: 32164340 PMCID: PMC7151664 DOI: 10.3390/ph13030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by excessive neuronal activity leading to seizure; about 30% of affected patients suffer from the refractory and pharmacoresistant form of the disease. The anticonvulsant drugs currently used for seizure control are associated with adverse reactions, making it important to search for more effective drugs with fewer adverse reactions. There is increasing evidence that endocannabinoids can pharmacologically modulate action against seizure and antiepileptic disorders. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the anticonvulsant effects of fatty acid amides (FAAs) in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice. FAAs (FAA1 and FAA2) are obtained from Carapa guianensis oil by biocatalysis and are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Only FAA1 is effective in controlling the increased latency time of the first myoclonic jerk and in significantly decreasing the total duration of tonic-clonic seizures relative to the pentylenetetrazol model. Also, electrocortical alterations produced by pentylenetetrazol are reduced when treated by FAA1 that subsequently decreased wave amplitude and energy in Beta rhythm. The anticonvulsant effects of FAA1 are reversed by flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist on Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-A (GABA-A) receptors, indicating a mode of action via the benzodiazepine site of these receptors. To conclude, the FAA obtained from C. guianensis oil is promising against PTZ-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.)
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade e Bromatologia, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Keuri Eleuterio Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.)
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Moisés Hamoy
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Rodrigues Sarquis
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Akira Otake Hamoy
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo Lopez
- Programa de Pós graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.)
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Irlon Maciel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Barbarella de Matos Macchi
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.)
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: or
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Rodrigues KE, de Oliveira FR, Barbosa BRC, Paraense RSO, Bannwart CM, Pinheiro BG, Botelho ADS, Muto NA, do Amarante CB, Hamoy M, Macchi BDM, Maia CDSF, do Prado AF, do Nascimento JLM. Aqueous Coriandrum sativum L. extract promotes neuroprotection against motor changes and oxidative damage in rat progeny after maternal exposure to methylmercury. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110755. [PMID: 31408720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Coriandrum sativum aqueous extract (CSAE) on the rat progeny of mothers exposed to methylmercury (MeHg). The presence of bioactive compounds and CSAE's antioxidant capacity been evaluated, and the offspring were assessed for their total mercury levels, motor behavioral parameters and oxidative stress in the cerebellum. The analysis of the bioactive compounds revealed significant amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, as well as a variety of minerals. A DPPH test showed the CSAE had important antioxidant activity. The MeHg + CSAE group performed significantly better spontaneous locomotor activity, palmar grip strength, balance, and motor coordination in behavioral tests compared the MeHg group, as well as in the parameters of oxidative stress, with similar results to those of the control group. The MeHg + CSAE group also had significantly reduced mercury levels in comparison to the MeHg group. Based on the behavioral tests, which detected large locomotor, balance, and coordination improvements, as well as a reduction in oxidative stress, we conclude that CSAE had positive functional results in the offspring of rats exposed to MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keuri Eleutério Rodrigues
- Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Post Graduation Program, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil; Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Post Graduation Program, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil; Bromatology and Quality Control Laboratory, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapa, Ap, Brazil
| | - Benilson Ramos Cassunde Barbosa
- Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Oliveira Paraense
- Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Cahy Manoel Bannwart
- Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gonçalves Pinheiro
- Behavioral and Inflammatory Pharmacology Laboratory, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Nilton Akio Muto
- Amazonian Bioactive Compounds Valorization Center, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Moises Hamoy
- Natural Products' Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Barbarella de Matos Macchi
- Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Behavioral and Inflammatory Pharmacology Laboratory, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ferraz do Prado
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Post Graduation Program, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil; Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Post Graduation Program, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapa, Ap, Brazil.
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Matos Lopes TR, de Oliveira FR, Malheiros FF, de Andrade MA, Monteiro MC, Baetas Gonçalves AC. Antimicrobial bioassay-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of Eupatorium triplinerve. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:897-903. [PMID: 25430540 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.948634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl (Asteraceae), popularly known as Japana, is widely used in folk medicine, due its analgesic, anticoagulant, antianorexic, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, sedative, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of E. triplinerve extracts from different parts of the plant and identified the extract with the highest antimicrobial potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were obtained by maceration of all parts of plant, and subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract by partition column chromatography. The major chemical groups, saponins, reducing sugars, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and others were screened by standard techniques. The antimicrobial activity of the different extracts was performed by microdilution assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were reported. RESULTS Phytochemical screening of hydroalcoholic extract from all parts of E. triplinerve identified mainly steroids, coumarins, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, depsides and absence of polysaccharides and flavonoids. The methanol extract of leaves presented the highest content of coumarins and lower MIC values of 62 and 75 µg/mL against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In addition, its non-polar fractions showed antimicrobial activity with MIC ranging from 16 to 125 µg/mL against Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Data showed that non-polar fractions of E. triplinerve methanolic extract has better antimicrobial activity and most likely depends on the presence of several compounds, such as depsidones, coumarins, saponins, and triterpenes on crude extract. The results can be exploited largely in research of new antibacterial agents.
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Melo AS, Monteiro MC, da Silva JB, de Oliveira FR, Vieira JLF, de Andrade MA, Baetas AC, Sakai JT, Ferreira FA, Cunha Sousa PJD, Maia CDSF. Antinociceptive, neurobehavioral and antioxidant effects of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl on rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147:293-301. [PMID: 23524186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl belongs to the Asteraceae family, popularly known as Japana. It is a perennial shrub native to Amazon rainforests of South America. Its leaves are used through infusions, decoctions, baths, and tea. It is largely used in Brazilian folk medicine as sedative, febrifuge, stimulant, tonic and anti-inflammatory. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the putative effects of Eupatorium triplinerve on the central nervous system (CNS), including locomotor and anxiety activity, depression-like behavior, and antinociception and oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-month-old male Wistar rats (n=7-10 rats/group) and Swiss male and female mice of the species Mus musculus (n=7-10 per group) were administered with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extracts of Eupatorium triplinerve (HEET). The behavioral assays included open-field (OF), elevated Plus-maze (EPM), and forced swimming tests (FS). The antinociceptive activity was verified using chemical (acetic acid and formalin) and thermal (hot plate) models of nociception. The oxidative stress levels were measured in rat blood samples after behavioral assays and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), nitric oxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in vivo. RESULTS Oral pretreatment with HEET reduced the locomotion in OF test (200-800 mg/kg), increased central locomotion and open arms entries in the OF and EPM tests, respectively (600-800 mg/kg), and decreased the immobility time in the FS (200-800 mg/kg). It also reduced the writhing number evoked by acetic acid injection (200-800 mg/kg) and licking time in the first phase of the formalin test (400-800 mg/kg). In the oxidative stress assays, the extract decreased TEAC, Nitric Oxide and MDA levels in response to swimming stress induced in rats. CONCLUSIONS These results were indicative for the first time that Eupatorium triplinerve exerted mild sedative, anxiolytic and antidepressive effects on the CNS. Antinociceptive effects not related to opioid system and antioxidant activity were also observed. These results support the ethnopharmacological use of Eupatorium triplinerve in popular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademar Soares Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, ICS, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Campus Universitário do Guamá, Nº 01, 66075-900 Belém, Pará, Brazil
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de Andrade TM, de Melo AS, Dias RGC, Varela ELP, de Oliveira FR, Vieira JLF, de Andrade MA, Baetas AC, Monteiro MC, Maia CDSF. Potential behavioral and pro-oxidant effects of Petiveria alliacea L. extract in adult rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 143:604-610. [PMID: 22890225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) is a perennial shrub indigenous to the Amazon Rainforest and tropical areas of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. In folk medicine, Petiveria alliacea has a broad range of therapeutic properties; however, it is also associated with toxic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the putative effects of Petiveria alliacea on the central nervous system, including locomotor activity, anxiety, depression-like behavior, and memory, and oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-month-old male and female Wistar rats (n=7-10 rats/group) were administered with 900 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extracts of Petiveria alliacea L. The behavioral assays included open-field, forced swimming, and elevated T-maze tests. The oxidative stress levels were measured in rat blood samples after behavioral assays and methemoglobin levels were measured in vitro. RESULTS Consistent with previous reports, Petiveria alliacea increased locomotor activity. It also exerted previously unreported anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in behavioral tests. In the oxidative stress assays, the Petiveria alliacea extract decreased Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity levels and increased methemoglobin levels, which was related to the toxic effects. CONCLUSIONS The Petiveria alliacea extract exerted motor stimulatory and anxiolytic effects in the OF test, antidepressant effects in the FS test, and elicited memory improvement in ETM. Furthermore, the Petiveria alliacea extract also exerted pro-oxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the antioxidant status and increasing MetHb levels in human plasma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Montenegro de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Augusto Corrêa, N°01, 66075-900 Belém, Pará, Brazil
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