Advancing renewable fuel integration: A comprehensive response surface methodology approach for internal combustion engine performance and emissions optimization

In the realm of internal combustion engines, there is a growing utilization of alternative renewable fuels as substitutes for traditional diesel and gasoline. This surge in demand is driven by the imperative to diminish fuel consumption and adhere to stringent regulations concerning engine emissions. Sole reliance on experimental analysis is inadequate to effectively address combustion, performance, and emission issues in engines. Consequently, the integration of engine modelling, grounded in machine learning methodologies and statistical data through the response surface method (RSM), has become increasingly significant for enhanced analytical outcomes. This study aims to explore the contemporary applications of RSM in assessing the feasibility of a wide range of renewable alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Initially, the study outlines the fundamental principles and procedural steps of RSM, offering readers an introduction to this multifaceted statistical technique. Subsequently, the study delves into a comprehensive examination of the recent applications of alternative renewable fuels, focusing on their impact on combustion, performance, and emissions in the domain of internal combustion engines. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the advantages and limitations of employing RSM, and discusses the potential of combining RSM with other modelling techniques to optimise results. The overarching objective is to provide a thorough insight into the role and efficacy of RSM in the evaluation of renewable alternative fuels, thereby contributing to the ongoing discourse in the field of internal combustion engines.

Heat Transfer Enhancement by Hybrid Nano Additives-Graphene Nanoplatelets/Cellulose Nanocrystal for the Automobile Cooling System (Radiator)

A radiator is used to remove a portion of the heat generated by a vehicle engine. It is challenging to efficiently maintain the heat transfer in an automotive cooling system even though both internal and external systems need enough time to keep pace with catching up with evolving engine technology advancements. The effectiveness of a unique hybrid's heat transfer nanofluid was investigated in this study. The hybrid nanofluid was mainly composed of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) nanoparticles suspended in a 40:60 ratio of distilled water and ethylene glycol. A counterflow radiator equipped with a test rig setup was used to evaluate the hybrid nano fluid's thermal performance. According to the findings, the proposed GNP/CNC hybrid nanofluid performs better in relation to improving the efficiency of heat transfer of a vehicle radiator. The suggested hybrid nanofluid enhanced convective heat transfer coefficient by 51.91%, overall heat transfer coefficient by 46.72%, and pressure drop by 34.06% with respect to distilled water base fluid. Additionally, the radiator could reach a better CHTC with 0.01% hybrid nanofluid in the optimized radiator tube by the size reduction assessment using computational fluid analysis. In addition to downsizing the radiator tube and increasing cooling capacity over typical coolants, the radiator takes up less space and helps to lower the weight of a vehicle engine. As a result, the suggested unique hybrid graphene nanoplatelets/cellulose nanocrystal-based nanofluids perform better in heat transfer enhancement in automobiles.

Antiepileptic-induced Psychosis as a Possible Predictor of Post-temporal Lobectomy Alternative Psychosis

We present a patient with topiramate-induced psychosis who developed alternative psychosis following temporal lobectomy. The number of surgical candidates for temporal lobectomy is increasing as is the frequency of psychiatric co-morbidities. Preoperative planning should take account of these psychiatric co-morbidities. In particular, precautions should be taken when antiepileptic drug-induced psychosis occurs, as this could predict the occurrence of alternative psychosis following lobectomy.

Sclerosing stromal tumour of the ovary. A case report

Sclerosing stromal tumors (SST) of the ovary are a distinct, but rare benign neoplasms. These tumors appear solid and are very vascular and therefore give the impression of a malignant tumor. They occur mostly in young women. Morphologically and histologically they have distinct characteristics, which make them different from other stromal tumors. The importance of this report is that, though the tumor appears malignant (solid and vascular) since it occurs in young women, care should be taken before embarking on radical surgery.

Anterior spine fusion using Zielke instrumentation for adult thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis

Analysis of adult patients undergoing anterior spine fusions with Zielke instrumentation between January 1983 and November 1986 was performed. Objectives were to review results of surgical treatment and identify factors affecting results. Charts, 3 foot standing anteroposterior and lateral and supine maximal side bending radiographs were reviewed. Subjective data were obtained by telephone. There were 26 patients, average age 41 years. Average radiographic follow-up was 48 months. Indications were pain and curve progression. Average correction was 63% of the instrumented curve. Average change of lordosis was 8 degrees and kyphosis was 6 degrees. Apical vertebral rotation corrected an average of 37%. Complications were: eight hardware failures, one deep infection, and two psychiatric events. The high-risk groups: curves greater than 60 degrees, patients older than 50 years of age, and rigid curves.

Dynamic posterior shift test. An adjuvant in evaluation of posterior tibial subluxation

The dynamic posterior shift test, a clinical method for evaluating both straight posterior instability and posterolateral rotatory instability, (PLRI), is a simple, dynamic, and reliable (reproducible) test that serves as an adjuvant to other clinical tests designed to evaluate an injury or insufficiency of posterior structures in the knee. The examiner maintains the hip at near 90 degrees of flexion to control rotation of the femur while slowly extending the knee passively. The hamstrings should be stretched to maintain their tightness. The tightened hamstrings assist gravity in subluxating the tibia posteriorly; they also provide dynamic axial loading to the joint as the knee is extended. In knees with posterior instability, the posteriorly subluxated tibia suddenly reduces as the knee joint nears full extension, and a jerk or "clunk" is felt by both the patient and the examiner. Thus, the patient's feeling of instability is reproduced by the test. We have used the dynamic posterior shift test for 5 years (as an adjuvant in our physical examination) to evaluate signs of posterior instability of the knee. Not only is the test reliable, but it is more definitive than other tests in evaluating straight posterior instability and PLRI. It is easy to perform and the results are reproducible. Because this test is dynamic rather than passive, it enhances the accuracy of evaluating posterior instability of the knee.