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Chen F, Elgaher WAM, Winterhoff M, Büssow K, Waqas FH, Graner E, Pires-Afonso Y, Casares Perez L, de la Vega L, Sahini N, Czichon L, Zobl W, Zillinger T, Shehata M, Pleschka S, Bähre H, Falk C, Michelucci A, Schuchardt S, Blankenfeldt W, Hirsch AKH, Pessler F. Citraconate inhibits ACOD1 (IRG1) catalysis, reduces interferon responses and oxidative stress, and modulates inflammation and cell metabolism. Nat Metab 2022; 4:534-546. [PMID: 35655026 PMCID: PMC9170585 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties of itaconate have been studied extensively, it is not known whether its naturally occurring isomers mesaconate and citraconate have similar properties. Here, we show that itaconate is partially converted to mesaconate intracellularly and that mesaconate accumulation in macrophage activation depends on prior itaconate synthesis. When added to human cells in supraphysiological concentrations, all three isomers reduce lactate levels, whereas itaconate is the strongest succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor. In cells infected with influenza A virus (IAV), all three isomers profoundly alter amino acid metabolism, modulate cytokine/chemokine release and reduce interferon signalling, oxidative stress and the release of viral particles. Of the three isomers, citraconate is the strongest electrophile and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) agonist. Only citraconate inhibits catalysis of itaconate by cis-aconitate decarboxylase (ACOD1), probably by competitive binding to the substrate-binding site. These results reveal mesaconate and citraconate as immunomodulatory, anti-oxidative and antiviral compounds, and citraconate as the first naturally occurring ACOD1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - W A M Elgaher
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Winterhoff
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Büssow
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - F H Waqas
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Graner
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Y Pires-Afonso
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, LIH Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - L Casares Perez
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - L de la Vega
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - N Sahini
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - L Czichon
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Zobl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - T Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Shehata
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - S Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - H Bähre
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Falk
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Cancer Research, LIH Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - S Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - W Blankenfeldt
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - F Pessler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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