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Kravets VG, Schedin F, Jalil R, Britnell L, Gorbachev RV, Ansell D, Thackray B, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Kabashin AV, Grigorenko AN. Singular phase nano-optics in plasmonic metamaterials for label-free single-molecule detection. Nat Mater 2013; 12:304-9. [PMID: 23314104 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The non-trivial behaviour of phase is crucial for many important physical phenomena, such as, for example, the Aharonov-Bohm effect and the Berry phase. By manipulating the phase of light one can create 'twisted' photons, vortex knots and dislocations which has led to the emergence of the field of singular optics relying on abrupt phase changes. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of singular visible-light nano-optics which exploits the benefits of both plasmonic field enhancement and the peculiarities of the phase of light. We show that properly designed plasmonic metamaterials exhibit topologically protected zero reflection yielding to sharp phase changes nearby, which can be employed to radically improve the sensitivity of detectors based on plasmon resonances. By using reversible hydrogenation of graphene and binding of streptavidin-biotin, we demonstrate an areal mass sensitivity at a level of fg mm(-2) and detection of individual biomolecules, respectively. Our proof-of-concept results offer a route towards simple and scalable single-molecule label-free biosensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Britnell L, Gorbachev RV, Jalil R, Belle BD, Schedin F, Mishchenko A, Georgiou T, Katsnelson MI, Eaves L, Morozov SV, Peres NMR, Leist J, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Ponomarenko LA. Field-Effect Tunneling Transistor Based on Vertical Graphene Heterostructures. Science 2012; 335:947-50. [PMID: 22300848 DOI: 10.1126/science.1218461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 910] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Britnell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Kravets VG, Schedin F, Grigorenko AN. Fine structure constant and quantized optical transparency of plasmonic nanoarrays. Nat Commun 2012; 3:640. [PMID: 22273678 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optics is renowned for displaying quantum phenomena. Indeed, studies of emission and absorption lines, the photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation helped to build the foundations of quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, it came as a surprise that the visible transparency of suspended graphene is determined solely by the fine structure constant, as this kind of universality had been previously reserved only for quantized resistance and flux quanta in superconductors. Here we describe a plasmonic system in which relative optical transparency is determined solely by the fine structure constant. The system consists of a regular array of gold nanoparticles fabricated on a thin metallic sublayer. We show that its relative transparency can be quantized in the near-infrared, which we attribute to the quantized contact resistance between the nanoparticles and the metallic sublayer. Our results open new possibilities in the exploration of universal dynamic conductance in plasmonic nanooptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Kravets VG, Zoriniants G, Burrows CP, Schedin F, Casiraghi C, Klar P, Geim AK, Barnes WL, Grigorenko AN. Cascaded optical field enhancement in composite plasmonic nanostructures. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:246806. [PMID: 21231549 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.246806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present composite plasmonic nanostructures designed to achieve cascaded enhancement of electromagnetic fields at optical frequencies. Our structures were made with the help of electron-beam lithography and comprise a set of metallic nanodisks placed one above another. The optical properties of reproducible arrays of these structures were studied by using scanning confocal Raman spectroscopy. We show that our composite nanostructures robustly demonstrate dramatic enhancement of the Raman signals when compared to those measured from constituent elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Ni ZH, Ponomarenko LA, Nair RR, Yang R, Anissimova S, Grigorieva IV, Schedin F, Blake P, Shen ZX, Hill EH, Novoselov KS, Geim AK. On resonant scatterers as a factor limiting carrier mobility in graphene. Nano Lett 2010; 10:3868-3872. [PMID: 20795655 DOI: 10.1021/nl101399r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We show that graphene deposited on a substrate has a non-negligible density of atomic scale defects. This is evidenced by a previously unnoticed D peak in the Raman spectra with intensity of ∼1% with respect to the G peak. We evaluated the effect of such impurities on electron transport by mimicking them with hydrogen adsorbates and measuring the induced changes in both mobility and Raman intensity. If the intervalley scatterers responsible for the D peak are monovalent, their concentration is sufficient to account for the limited mobilities currently achievable in graphene on a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Ni
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Kravets VG, Schedin F, Kabashin AV, Grigorenko AN. Sensitivity of collective plasmon modes of gold nanoresonators to local environment. Opt Lett 2010; 35:956-958. [PMID: 20364182 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present what we believe to be the first experimental study of the optical response of collective plasmon resonances in regular arrays of nanoresonators to local environment. Recently observed collective plasmon modes arise due to diffractive coupling of localized plasmons and yield almost 1 order of magnitude improvement in resonance quality. We measure the response of these modes to tiny variations of the refractive index of both gaseous and liquid media. We show that the phase sensitivity of the collective resonances can be more than 2 orders of magnitude better than the best amplitude sensitivity of the same nanodot array as well as 1 order of magnitude better than the phase sensitivity in surface plasmon resonance sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Kravets VG, Zoriniants G, Burrows CP, Schedin F, Geim AK, Barnes WL, Grigorenko AN. Composite au nanostructures for fluorescence studies in visible light. Nano Lett 2010; 10:874-879. [PMID: 20143865 DOI: 10.1021/nl903498h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present results from composite plasmonic nanostructures designed to achieve the cascaded enhancement of electromagnetic fields at optical frequencies. Our structures comprise a small metallic nanodisc suspended above a larger disk. We probe the optical properties of these structures by coating them with a layer of a visible-light fluorophore and observing fluorescence signals with the help of scanning confocal microscopy. A 43 +/- 5-fold increase in the far-field fluorescence signal has been observed for two-tier composite nanostructures, when compared to the signal obtained from individual nanodiscs. Our results offer the prospect of using such nanostructures for field concentration, optical manipulation of nanoobjects, chemical and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Ponomarenko LA, Yang R, Mohiuddin TM, Katsnelson MI, Novoselov KS, Morozov SV, Zhukov AA, Schedin F, Hill EW, Geim AK. Effect of a high-kappa environment on charge carrier mobility in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:206603. [PMID: 19519058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.206603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that the dominant source of scattering in graphene is charged impurities in a substrate. We have tested this conjecture by studying graphene placed on various substrates and in high-kappa media. Unexpectedly, we have found no significant changes in carrier mobility either for different substrates or by using glycerol, ethanol, and water as a top dielectric layer. This suggests that Coulomb impurities are not the scattering mechanism that limits the mean free path attainable for graphene on a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ponomarenko
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Kravets VG, Schedin F, Grigorenko AN. Extremely narrow plasmon resonances based on diffraction coupling of localized plasmons in arrays of metallic nanoparticles. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:087403. [PMID: 18764660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.087403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate extremely narrow plasmon resonances with half-width of just several nanometers in regular arrays of metallic nanoparticles. These resonances are observed at Rayleigh's cutoff wavelengths for Wood anomalies and based on diffraction coupling of localized plasmons. We show experimentally that reflection from an array of nanoparticles can be completely suppressed at certain wavelengths. As a result, our metal nanostructures exhibit pi-jump for the phase of the reflected light.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ponomarenko
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Morozov SV, Novoselov KS, Katsnelson MI, Schedin F, Elias DC, Jaszczak JA, Geim AK. Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:016602. [PMID: 18232798 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.016602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have studied temperature dependences of electron transport in graphene and its bilayer and found extremely low electron-phonon scattering rates that set the fundamental limit on possible charge carrier mobilities at room temperature. Our measurements show that mobilities higher than 200 000 cm2/V s are achievable, if extrinsic disorder is eliminated. A sharp (thresholdlike) increase in resistivity observed above approximately 200 K is unexpected but can qualitatively be understood within a model of a rippled graphene sheet in which scattering occurs on intraripple flexural phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Morozov
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Schedin F, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Hill EW, Blake P, Katsnelson MI, Novoselov KS. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat Mater 2007; 6:652-5. [PMID: 17660825 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2777] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate aim of any detection method is to achieve such a level of sensitivity that individual quanta of a measured entity can be resolved. In the case of chemical sensors, the quantum is one atom or molecule. Such resolution has so far been beyond the reach of any detection technique, including solid-state gas sensors hailed for their exceptional sensitivity. The fundamental reason limiting the resolution of such sensors is fluctuations due to thermal motion of charges and defects, which lead to intrinsic noise exceeding the sought-after signal from individual molecules, usually by many orders of magnitude. Here, we show that micrometre-size sensors made from graphene are capable of detecting individual events when a gas molecule attaches to or detaches from graphene's surface. The adsorbed molecules change the local carrier concentration in graphene one by one electron, which leads to step-like changes in resistance. The achieved sensitivity is due to the fact that graphene is an exceptionally low-noise material electronically, which makes it a promising candidate not only for chemical detectors but also for other applications where local probes sensitive to external charge, magnetic field or mechanical strain are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schedin
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Morozov SV, Novoselov KS, Katsnelson MI, Schedin F, Ponomarenko LA, Jiang D, Geim AK. Strong suppression of weak localization in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:016801. [PMID: 16907394 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.016801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-field magnetoresistance is ubiquitous in low-dimensional metallic systems with high resistivity and well understood as arising due to quantum interference on self-intersecting diffusive trajectories. We have found that in graphene this weak-localization magnetoresistance is strongly suppressed and, in some cases, completely absent. The unexpected observation is attributed to mesoscopic corrugations of graphene sheets which can cause a dephasing effect similar to that of a random magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Morozov
- Department of Physics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Abstract
We report free-standing atomic crystals that are strictly 2D and can be viewed as individual atomic planes pulled out of bulk crystals or as unrolled single-wall nanotubes. By using micromechanical cleavage, we have prepared and studied a variety of 2D crystals including single layers of boron nitride, graphite, several dichalcogenides, and complex oxides. These atomically thin sheets (essentially gigantic 2D molecules unprotected from the immediate environment) are stable under ambient conditions, exhibit high crystal quality, and are continuous on a macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Novoselov
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Wander A, Schedin F, Steadman P, Norris A, McGrath R, Turner TS, Thornton G, Harrison NM. Stability of polar oxide surfaces. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:3811-3814. [PMID: 11329330 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structures of the polar surfaces of ZnO are studied using ab initio calculations and surface x-ray diffraction. The experimental and theoretical relaxations are in good agreement. The polar surfaces are shown to be very stable; the cleavage energy for the (0001)-Zn and (0001;)-O surfaces is 4.0 J/m(2) comparable to 2.32 J/m(2) for the most stable nonpolar (1010) surface. The surfaces are stabilized by an electronic mechanism involving the transfer of 0.17 electrons between them. This leads to 2D metallic surface states, which has implications for the use of the material in gas sensing and catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wander
- CLRC, Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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Petrov VN, Galaktionov MS, Komlev KN, Schedin F, Thornton G. Surface magnetization of single-crystal FeNi 3. Acta Crystallogr A 2000. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767300023795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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