Evaluation of Hemoglobin Concentration in Male Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. This study was done to evaluate the changes of hemoglobin concentration in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, ages ranged from 30-70 years were included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Hemoglobin concentration was estimated by cyanmethemoglobin method. Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of hemoglobin concentration of Group I and Group II were 13.79±1.08gm/dl and 11.63±1.33gm/dl respectively. The mean ±SD of hemoglobin concentration significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in hemoglobin concentration causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Status of Hemoglobin Concentration and Serum Total Iron Binding Capacity among Iron Deficiency Anemic Adolescent Girls

Adolescence may be defined as the period from 10 to 19 years of age. Adolescence is a significant period of human growth and maturation when various changes occur and requirement of nutrients is increased in girls due to increase demands for growth. This prospective type of analytical cross-sectional study was carried out to observe the status of Hb concentration and serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels among iron deficiency anemic adolescent girl. This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2019 to December 2020. For this purpose, 140 adolescent girl's age ranged from 10-19 years were selected in this study, among them, 70 healthy adolescent girls as control group (Group I) and 70 girls selected as study group (Group II) and they are iron deficiency anemic adolescent girls. Estimation of hemoglobin by cyanmethaemoglobin method and estimation of serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was determined by Ferrozine method using Globals iron and TIBC kit, UK. All data were expressed as mean ±SD and statistical significance of difference among the Group I and Group II were calculated by unpaired students''t' test. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration significantly lowers in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I), Result is highly significant (p<0.001). Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) significantly higher in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I), Result is highly significant p<0.001). Immediate, long term and sustainable public health intervention would require for overcome the situation.

Status of Serum Iron and Fasting Serum Glucose in Reproductive Aged Women Taking Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill

The oral contraceptive pill, 'the pill', was introduced in the beginning of the 1960s. Presently, worldwide about 100 million women are current users of combined oral hormonal contraceptives (COC) most frequently used in the western world. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with decreased menstrual blood losses; thus, can independently reduce the risk of anemia and iron deficiency in women. Manufacturers have recently started to include supplemental iron in the non-hormonal placebo tablets of some contraceptives. This study was done to evaluate the status of serum iron and fasting serum glucose in combined oral contraceptive pill users in comparison to non-users. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. A total number of 120 reproductive aged women, age ranged from 15-55 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) combined oral contraceptive pill users subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched oral pill non users subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of serum iron of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 93.22±17.19μg/dl and 181.57±22.06μg/dl respectively. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 4.67±0.61mmol/L and 6.61±0.61mmol/L respectively. Serum iron and fasting serum glucose increased in study group in comparison to control group. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). So there from this study it can be concluded that there is significant association of serum iron and fasting serum glucose with oral contraceptives.

Study on Blood Pressure, e-GFR, Serum Albumin, C-reactive Protein in Normal Subjects and Patients with CKD

In general, Kidney diseases are silent with no apparent early symptoms and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is marked by gradual loss of kidney function over time. High rate of inflammation is common in CKD and it causes high CRP level. High CRP levels are associated with low e-GFR and low serum albumin level. This study was conducted to determine the changes of blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum albumin and C-reactive protein in chronic kidney diseased patients and compared with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. A total number of 140 subjects, age range between 25-70 years were included in this study. Among them, 70 healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I) with 35 male (IA) and 35 female (IB) and 70 chronic kidney diseased patients were taken as study group (Group II) with 35 male (IIA) and 35 female (IIB). Calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was done by chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance difference among the group were calculated by unpaired t-test. In this study, we found that eGFR (in IIA 29.83±0.73 ml/min and in IIB 30.80±0.73ml/min) and serum albumin (in IIA 2.96±0.04g/dl in IIB 2.07±0.02g/dl) were significantly decreased in study group in comparison to control group. Blood pressure (SBP in IIA 150.57±1.70 mm of Hg, in IIB 143.71±1.32 mm of Hg and DBP in IIA 94.40±0.70 and in IIB 91.20±0.70 mm of Hg) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (in IIA 12.14±0.90mg/l and in IIB 21.80±2.58mg/l) were significantly increased in study group in comparison to control group. CKD is associated with increased risks of several co-morbidities including cardiovascular complications and chronic renal failure. Detection of CKD at an early stage helps to reduce the progression of renal disease and burden of end stage renal disease.

Study on Body Mass Index and Fasting Serum Glucose in Postmenopausal Women

Menopause is a normal physiological period that is characterized by the completely stoppage of endometrial cycles in women between the age of 45-55 years due to lack of ovarian follicular function. Several postmenopausal syndromes such as hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, depression, irritability, headache, and sleep disturbance can occur more frequently in this period which hampers the standard of life. This study was done to assess body mass index and fasting serum glucose changes in postmenopausal women in contrast with reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. Total 140 women subject's age ranged between 25-65 years were involved in this study. Among them 25-45 years aged 70 (Seventy) reproductive women were involved as control group (Group I) and 45-65 years aged 70 (Seventy) postmenopausal women were taken as study group (Group II). By Anthropometric measurements, Body Mass Index (BMI) such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively and fasting serum glucose was measured by GOD-PAP method. Results were expressed as mean (±SD) and by unpaired Student's 't' test, statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43kg/m² and 29.01±3.12kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is notably increase in study group in contrast with control group. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of control Group I and study Group II were 4.77±2.04mmol/l and 6.11±1.61mmol/l respectively. In study Group II fasting serum glucose was increased. Due to increased fasting serum glucose caused by lower level of female sex hormones specially estrogen hormone increased chance of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. Assessment of these parameters are important for early detection and prevention of complication related to high BMI and fasting serum glucose level for leading a better life.

Status of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women

Menopause, in between the age of 45-55 years every woman faces it, that means completely stoppage of menstruation because the decrease level of estrogen from the normal level. In this period the quality life is disturbed due to hormonal imbalance specially estrogen. This study was done to evaluate the changes of body mass index and blood pressure in post-menopausal women in comparison to reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh and the period is from January 2021 to December 2021. Total 140 women subjects age ranged between 25-65 years were involved in this study. Among them 70 post-menopausal women (45-65 years) were involved as study group (Group II) and 70 (seventy) reproductive women (25-45 years) were taken as control group (Group I). By anthropometric measurements, Body Mass Index (BMI) such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively and systolic and diastolic blood pressure by aneroid sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan). Findings were expressed as mean±SD and by unpaired student's 't' test, analytical significance of difference among the group was calculated. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43kg/m² and 29.01±3.12kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. The average (±SD) of systolic blood pressure of control group I and study group II were 118.29±10.00 mm of Hg & 134.00±11.91 mm of Hg respectively. The mean±SD of systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. The mean±SD of diastolic blood pressure of control group I and study Group II were 79.21±6.46 mm of Hg and 89.00±6.23 mm of Hg respectively. The mean±SD of diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. Post-menopausal women with high systolic and diastolic pressure have a chance of development of cardiovascular diseases, stroke. So assessment of these parameters are important for early detection and prevention of complication related to high BMI and Blood Pressure for leading a healthy life.

A Comparative Study of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure between Sedentary and Non-Sedentary Workers

Sedentary lifestyle are spreading worldwide because of lack of available spaces for exercise, increased occupational sedentary behaviors such as office work and the increased prevalence of television and video devices. Increased incidence of sedentary lifestyle and obesity in developed and developing countries is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. This study was undertaken to analyze the differences in anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters in sedentary and non-sedentary male subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. This study consisted 50 male employees of 25-60 years who worked in an office were study group (Group II) and control group Group-I) consisted of 50 male age matched physical laborers. BMI was calculated as weight in kilogram divided by the height in meter square i.e. kg/m². Blood Pressure was measured by indirect auscultatory method with an aneroid sphygmomanometer. Statistical analysis was done by using Student's un-paired 't' test. Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P value was taken as significant at 5 percent confidence level. The mean±SD BMI in kg/m² of Group I and Group II were 21.90±2.22 and 29.32±3.13 respectively. The mean±SD systolic blood pressure of Group I and Group II were 112.20±6.79 and 145.10±8.11 and mean±SD diastolic blood pressure of Group I and Group II were 72.80±5.73 and 91.00±5.05 respectively. The BMI and blood pressure were increased in sedentary group compared to non-sedentary group. From the study, it appears that the risk for cardiovascular disease is increased in sedentary workers.

Evaluate the Changes of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill Users

The oral contraceptive pill, 'the pill', was introduced in the starting of the 1960s. Presently, worldwide about 100 million women are current users of combined hormonal contraceptives (COC) most frequently used in the western world. The most frequently used agents are a combination of drugs containing both the estrogen and progesterone. This combination is considered to be highly efficacious, generally considered 99.9% and a use effectiveness of 97.0% to 98.0%. This study was done to evaluate the changes of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood pressure ( BP) in combined oral contraceptive pill users in comparison to non- users. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. Total number of 120 reproductive aged women, age ranged from 15-55 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) combined oral contraceptive pill users subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched oral pill non users subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test. The mean±SD of BMI of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 22.50±1.50 kg/m² and 27.64±1.28 kg/m² respectively. In study group (Group II) BMI was increased. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). The mean±SD of systolic blood pressure of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 111.17±8.51 mm of Hg and 127.50±6.14 mm of Hg respectively. In this study the mean±SD of diastolic blood pressure of control group (Group I and study group (Group II) were 75.58±5.05mm of Hg and 87.00±4.89 mm of Hg respectively. In study group (Group II) diastolic blood pressure was increased. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). So the assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to combined oral contraceptive pill use for leading a healthy life.

Study on Body Mass Index, Serum Total Cholesterol and Serum Triglycerides in Adult Male Hypertensive Patients

Hypertension or elevated blood pressure is a serious medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. An estimated 46.0% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition. In Bangladesh, 21.3 million of the adult population has hypertension and that is 21.0% of total population. About half of them (48.7%) with hypertension are diagnosed and 34.9% are under treatment. One of the global targets for non communicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 33.0% between 2010 and 2030. This study was done to evaluate the effects of hypertension and to find out the major complications occurring due to hypertension. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. A total number of 120 male subjects, age ranged from 20-59 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) ages matched normotensive adult male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). The results were calculated and analyzed by using Statistical package for social science (SPSS). Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by Aneroid Sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan), laboratory analysis of fasting serum total cholesterol by CHOD-POD method, fasting serum triglycerides by GPO-POD method. In this study we found that in study group Mean±SD of body mass index (29.36±2.60, p<0.001), fasting serum total cholesterol (232.05±11.18, p<0.001) and fasting serum triglycerides (180.67±19.44, p<0.001) which were significantly increased with comparison to control group. It's concluded from this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complication related to hypertension for leading a healthy life.

Status of Serum Ferritin Level among Iron Deficiency Anemic Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh

Adolescence explained as a period of age between 10 to 19 years. This is a major contributing period to build up the health of girls. Ferritin is an intracellular protein that contains iron and releases it in a controlled fashion and it reflects body iron stores and systemic inflammation during adolescent period. It is considered the best single test for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia during adolescent because its concentration is directly proportional to total body iron stores in adolescent period. This study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate the changes of serum ferritin levels among iron deficient anemic adolescent girls in comparison to healthy adolescent girls in Bangladesh. This was a cross sectional, prospective, analytical type of study. This study ranged from 10-19 years of adolescent girls. Seventy (70) healthy adolescent girls, as control group (Group I). Seventy (70) iron deficiency anemic adolescent girls as study group (Group II). Serum ferritin was estimated by Micro-particle Enzyme Immunoassay Test Kit. Data were expressed as mean (±SD). Statistical significance of difference among the Group I and Group II were calculated by unpaired students 't' test. The mean±SD level of serum ferritin among Group I and Group II were 26.22±4.03μg/L and 13.33±3.18μg/L respectively. Mean values ±SD of serum ferritin significantly lower in (Group II) in comparison with (Group I). Higher numbers of adolescent girls are still suffering from anemia along with low level of serum ferritin in Bangladesh. For combat this situation, immediate, sustainable and long term public health intervention and nutritional supplementation must be required.

Relationship between Body Mass Index and Serum Alanine Transaminase Concentration in Obese Female

The serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT) activity has been regarded as a reliable and sensitive marker of liver disease. In the context of obesity ALT may also be a good indicator of overall health. Obesity has been reported as a risk factor associated with elevation of ALT, which is a surrogate marker of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Elevated ALT may correlate with the severity of NAFLD in obese female. This study was done to evaluate the changes of serum ALT in obese female age ranged 30-60 years in comparison to normal healthy female of same age. At the same time we can know the relationship between body mass index and serum ALT concentration in obese female. This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. A total number of 100 female subjects were included in this study. Among them fifty (50) normal healthy female were taken as control group (Group I) and fifty (50) obese female were taken as study group (Group II). The level of serum ALT was determined by Ultra violet (UV) method. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of serum ALT with BMI by using SPSS (version 21.0). During interpretation of results, p values of <0.001 were considered as statistically highly significant. In this study, serum level of ALT was significantly higher (p<0.001) in obese female compared to those of healthy control female. In addition, there is a positive correlation of serum ALT with BMI. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that, elevated ALT was significantly associated with high BMI as well as with other feature of NAFLD.

Study on Body Mass Index and Serum Calcium Level in Postmenopausal Women

Menopause is one of the natural parts of women's life when menstrual cycle stops due to lack of estrogen, which occurs in middle age. Various health problems occur in this period which hampers quality of life. This study was done to evaluate the changes of body mass index and serum calcium level in post-menopausal women in comparison to reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. A total number of 140 female subjects age ranged from 25-65 years were included in this study. Among them 70 (seventy) postmenopausal woman (45-65 years) were taken as study group (Group II) and 70 (seventy) reproductive women (25-45 years) were taken as control group (Group I). Body mass index was measured by Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight taken in meter and kilogram respectively and Serum calcium level was measured by colorimetric method with O-Cresolftalein-complexone (OCC). Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43 kg/m² and 29.01±3.12 kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. Serum calcium of Group I and Group II were 10.95±0.77 mg/dl and 7.99±0.55 mg/dl respectively. The mean±SD of serum calcium level was significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Post-menopausal women with low serum calcium level have a chance of development of osteoporosis. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to low serum calcium level for leading a sound life.

Evaluation of the Status of Glycated Haemoglobin in Male type 2 Diabetic Patients

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in Bangladesh with its attendant complications. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is broadly used as an index of mean glycaemia. This study was planned to evaluate the status of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in male type 2 diabetic patients. This cross-sectional analytical study was executed in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2019 to June 2020. This study included in total 200 male subjects who are above 40 years in age. Among them, one hundred (100) male type 2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group I) and one hundred (100) age matched healthy male subjects were taken as control group (Group II). Glycated haemoglobin was assessed by ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Mean±SD was used to express data and unpaired Student's 't' test was used to calculate the statistical significance of difference amongst the groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to correlate the relationship between serum fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of Group I and Group II were 9.79±2.88mmol/L and 5.23±0.48mmol/L respectively. The mean±SD of glycated haemoglobin of Group I and Group II were 8.38±1.28mmol/L and 5.19±0.46mmol/L respectively. The mean±SD of glycated haemoglobin is found to be significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group and there is a positive correlation between fasting serum glucose and glycated haemoglobin. So, routine estimation of this parameter (HbA1c) is important for prevention of complications related to type 2 diabetes mellitus for leading healthy life.

Level of Serum Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance Rate in Obese Female

The prevalence of obesity continues to increase worldwide day by day causing a serious health problem and impose a significant impact on the National Health Service (NHS) budget. Obesity usually arises from the interactions of multiple genes and lifestyle factors. This study was done to evaluate changes of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate in obese female age ranged 30-60 years in comparison to normal healthy female of same age. This study, a cross-sectional analytical type, was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh between the period from January 2020 to December 2020. A total number of 100 female subjects were included in this study. Among them fifty (50) normal healthy female were taken as control group (Group I) and fifty (50) obese female were taken as study group (Group II). To see the level of serum creatinine determined by Kinetic Colorimetric method and creatinine clearance rate was calculated from serum creatinine by Cockcroft-Gault equation. Data was calculated by unpaired Student's't' test and were expressed as mean (±SD). Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate with BMI. In this study we found that mean serum Creatinine and Creatinine clearance rate were higher in obese female in comparison to normal healthy female. Again, serum Creatinine and Creatinine clearance rate were positively correlated with BMI. Therefore, to prevent obesity related complications and leading a healthy life we suggest estimations of these parameters routinely.

Association of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure with Age: A Cross Sectional Study in Elderly Male

The aim of the study was to assess the status of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in elderly male in comparison to younger male and to study the association of BMI and blood pressure with age. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 140 male subjects were included in this study. Among them seventy (70) younger males were taken as control group (Group I) and seventy (70) elderly males were taken as study group (Group II). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m²). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured by aneroid sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan). Data were expressed as Mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) & diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with age. In this study we found that mean BMI, systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in elderly male persons in comparison to younger male. Although the magnitude of correlation differed, we found that BMI, systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure were positively correlated with age of the subjects. Based on the study carried out it can be concluded that due to aging process geriatric populations are more prone to development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications than younger individuals.

Relation of Serum Iron Level with Serum Zinc Level among Adolescent Girls with Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Bangladesh

Adolescent girls are vulnerable in underdeveloped and developing countries due to having public health problems regarding iron deficiency anaemia. As zinc acts as a cofactor in iron metabolism, so the deficiency of this trace element is associated with iron deficiency anaemia. This study was done to evaluate the changes of serum iron and serum zinc levels among iron deficient anaemic adolescent girls in comparison to healthy adolescent girls in Bangladesh. This prospective type of analytical cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2019 to December 2020. Total number of 140 adolescent girl's age ranged from10-19 years included in this study. Among them, 70 healthy adolescent girls, were taken as control group (Group I). Remaining 70 Adolescent girls with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) were taken as study group (Group II). Estimation of serum iron was determined by Ferrozine method using Globals iron kit, UK. Serum zinc levels were determined by colorimetric method with reagents. All data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group I ( healthy adolescent girls) and group II (adolescent girls with iron deficiency anaemia) were calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. Correlation of serum iron with serum zinc was done by Pearson's correlation coefficient test. The mean values (±SD) of serum iron level of Group I and Group II were 69.06±18.11μg/dl & 15.61±9.12μg/dl respectively. Mean values (±SD) of serum iron significantly lower in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I). The mean (±SD) of serum zinc level of Group I and Group II were 75.48±14.26μg/dl & 33.27±12.94μg/dl respectively. Mean value (±SD) of serum zinc levels were significantly lower in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I). Serum zinc level was positively correlated with serum iron and that was statistically significant. The deficiency of iron does not occur alone; rather it is typically associated and developed with hypozincemia. The study suggests on supplementing iron along with zinc to correct the deficiency especially in adolescent girls when their metabolic demand is high.

Evaluation of Change of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in Male Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseased (COPD) Patients

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem which causes high health care utilizations, poor health-related quality of life, and substantial cost burden and deaths in worldwide. This study was done to evaluate the changes of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, age ranged from 30-70 years was included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). PEFR was assessed by peak flow meter. Data were expressed as mean ±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean ±SD of PEFR of Group I and Group II were 432.75±30.23 L/min & 203.5±20.81 L/min respectively. The mean ±SD of PEFR significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in PEFR causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complications related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Development of powder based ginger drink: analysis of dehydration kinetics and moisture sorption isotherm

The perishable herb ginger (Zingiber officinale) possesses natural aroma and different biologically active components which are beneficial for our health. This can be dried for preservation in pick season for shelf-life increment. This study studied the analysis of the chemical composition, moisture sorption isotherm, dehydration kinetics of ginger for preservation. Air drying was carried out using a cabinet dryer at different temperatures and thickness. According to the sorption isotherm study, monolayer moisture content (MMC) is higher as per Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer (GAB) equation compared to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation. Drying rate increased with the increase in temperature at constant thickness while the adverse result was found with the increase in thickness at a constant temperature. Then, powder-based drinks were prepared by using five different percentages of ginger. The preferences of consumers were measured by statistical analysis of the scores obtained from the response of organoleptic taste panel. The sample containing 1.84% ginger powder was considered the best in overall acceptability

Relationship of BMI and Fasting Serum Glucose with Hypertension

Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease. It is recognized as a major contributor to the disease burden globally. Aim of the study was to evaluate body mass index and fasting serum glucose level in male hypertensive patients in order to compare these parameters with male normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Total 200 male subjects, age range was from 30-65 years were included in this study. Among them, 100 hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and 100 ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Quantitative data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that body mass index was significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (29.52±2.46) in comparison with control group (22.91±1.04). Fasting serum glucose level was also significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (6.35±0.47) in comparison with control group (4.52±0.50). Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is definite relationship of body mass index and fasting serum glucose level with hypertension. Therefore, basic measurement of weight and height to determine the body mass index and fasting serum glucose level as routine assessment during hospital visitation with appropriate lifestyle modification would help in controlling hypertension as well as its devastating consequences.

Body Mass Index and Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a natural physiological state with hormonal and metabolic changes that helps the growth and survival of the fetus. Adequate body mass index (BMI) in pregnancy is important for securing, protecting and promoting the health of women and newborns. High or low maternal body mass index is associated with adverse outcome. Thyroid physiology plays a major role in pregnancy and thyroid disorders constitute one of the most common endocrine disorders in pregnancy. To assess the levels of body mass index and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in third trimester of pregnancy in order to compare these parameters with non-pregnant women of same age range. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age range between 20-35 years were included in this study. Among them, 70 healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I) and 70 pregnant women of third trimester were taken as study group (Group II). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. Quantitative data were expressed as mean (±SE) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that BMI was 27.87±1.9kg/m² and serum TSH level was 2.27±1.18μIU/ml in study group. Both (BMI & TSH) are significantly increased in study groups in comparison with control group. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complication related to pregnancy.

Evaluation of quality characteristics and storage stability of mixed fruit jam

Diversification of food is the key factor for enhancing physicochemical properties, nutritional status and consumer satisfaction. Hence, mixed fruits jam was developed from coconut and pineapple pulps in varied ratios (1:1, 3:1 and 1:3). Moisture, lipid, protein, fiber, ash and total carbohydrate contents of different jam samples varied significantly (p≤0.05) and found values in the ranges 26.78-29.15%, 4.12-10.81%, 0.56-1.13%, 1.51- 3.12%, 0.30-0.37% and 62.69-67.91% respectively. Storage stability of the jam samples was analyzed for 6 months keeping under refrigerated (4°C) and room (30°C) temperatures. Physicochemical properties such as total soluble solids, acidity, pH and reducing sugar content were evaluated at 2-months intervals. The parameters were changed variedly due to compositional variances, packaging materials and storage temperatures. Total soluble solids, acidity and reducing sugar content increased gradually while pH declined upon extension of storage period. Sensory properties for color, taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability of jam samples were tested where sample with pineapple and coconut in the ratio 3:1 showed the best result than others. Samples were also analyzed for yeast and mold count at the end of the storage period and positive result was found in case of samples packed in plastic containers kept under room temperature. The study yields diversified jam samples with better nutritional and sensory properties with satisfactory shelf life.

Thyroid Function Status in Elderly Male

With the advancement of age, the production, metabolism and action of thyroid hormone are also changed. The incidence of thyroid dysfunction is increased greatly with age. Aim of the study was to assess the age-related change in thyroid function status in elderly male in order to compare it with younger male. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 140 male subjects were included in this study. Among them seventy (70) younger male were taken as control group (Group I) and seventy (70) elderly male were taken as study group (Group II). For assessment of thyroid function, serum free tri-iodothyronine (FT₃), free thyroxine (FT₄) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were estimated by RIA method. Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's t-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of serum FT₃, FT₄ & TSH with age. In this study we found that mean serum free tri-iodothyronine (FT₃) & free thyroxine (FT₄) levels were significantly lower and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was significantly higher in elderly male persons in comparison to younger male. Again, serum FT₃, FT₄ was negatively correlated with age of the subjects whereas serum TSH level was positively correlated with age of the subjects. Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is a progressive decrease in thyroid function with advancement of age.

Relationship of Serum Creatinine and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition in which there is a loss of kidney function over time. CKD is associated with increased risks of several co morbidities, not limited to but including cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure. Hypercreatininemia is associated with low level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in chronic kidney diseased patients. Objective of the study was to assess the relationship of eGFR and serum creatinine in chronic kidney diseased patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 subjects, age range (30-70 year) were included in this study. Among them, 100 healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I) and 100 chronic kidney diseased patients were taken as study group (Group II). Control group (Group I) again subdivided into male healthy subject (Group IA) and female healthy subject (Group IB). Study group (Group II) also subdivided into male chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIA) and female chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIB). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. Data were expressed as mean(±SE) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's t-test. In this study we found that eGFR was significantly decreased and serum creatinine was significantly increased in study groups in comparison with control groups. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complications related to chronic kidney disease.

Effect of polydextrose and stevia on quality characteristics of low-calorie biscuits

Lipid and sugar have important nutritional and technological functions in bakery products, but excessive intake may affect human health adversely. This study aimed at processing and quality evaluation of low-calorie biscuits by partial replacement of fat and sugar with polydextrose and 2.5% stevia solution, respectively. A total of 6 formulas and 16 samples of biscuit were developed to replace the amount of fat and sugar from 0 to 50%. For each formula (10 to 50% fat and sugar reduction), 3 biscuit samples were prepared with different proportion of polydextrose and stevia whilst exception for control (1 sample, 0% fat and sugar reduction). Analysis on physical properties of the developed biscuits showed that the diameter, thickness, spread ratio, mass, volume, density and compressive strength were changed with the change in fat and sugar content and values were found in the range of 3.57 - 3.9 cm, 0.5 - 0.7 cm, 5.58 - 7.10, 3.63 - 4.2 g, 5.03 - 8.34 cc, 0.49 - 0.74 g/cc and 9.383 - 16.441 kgf, respectively. Proximate nutritional components of the developed biscuit samples were varied significantly (p≤0.05) due to increasing of polydextrose and stevia, and the values were recorded as 4.36 - 4.99% for moisture, 7.81 - 8.91% protein, 11.37 - 17.88% fat, 1.09 - 1.24% ash and 68.65 - 73.72% total carbohydrate. The usage of 5 mL stevia solution and 3 g polydextrose to reduce 50% fat and 50% sugar resulted in lowering 12.59% calorie content than control biscuit. Concerning sensory evaluation, a noticeable significant difference was found among the developed biscuits at p≤0.05, whereas all samples got acceptable scores. However, this study revealed that the replacement of fat and sugar by polydextrose and stevia up to 50% in biscuits is acceptable without too appreciable changes in physico-chemical and sensory properties.

Study on Blood Pressure in Male Cigarette Smokers

Cigarette smoking is a practice in which tobacco (leaf of Nicotina Tabacum) is burned and the smoke (heterogeneous aerosol) is tasted or inhaled. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly elevated among smokers as compared with non smokers. This study was done to assess the blood pressure in healthy male cigarette smokers in order to compare this parameter with healthy male non smokers. This comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from July 2013 to June 2014. One hundred healthy male subjects (75 male were cigarette smokers as study group and 25 male were non smokers as control group) aged between 16 to 40 years were enrolled in this study. Blood pressure of the individual was measured by an android sphygmomanometer with appropriate size of cuff and stethoscope. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the groups was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. The mean±SD of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in smoker group in comparison to the non smoker group. There were gradual increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the smokers as the duration of smoking was increased. This study concludes cigarette smoking increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure in accordance with the duration of smoking.

A comparative study of chemical and immunological method of fecal occult blood test in the diagnosis of occult lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Fecal occult blood test is the most widely used screening test for diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding disorders specially colorectal carcinoma. Among the various methods of fecal occult blood tests, chemical method is being used commonly, but the method has some drawbacks like low participation rate, high false positive rate, low sensitivity etc. To overcome these short comings, newer immunological method was introduced. This study evaluated the role of immunological method of fecal blood test in the diagnosis of occult lower GIT bleeding. Stool samples from two hundred patients were examined by both chemical and immunological method. The patients who were positive by any or both methods of occult blood test, were advised for colonoscopy. During colonoscopy tissues were taken for histopathology which was the gold standard of this study. Among 110 OBT positive patients pathological lesions were detected in 65 patients by colonoscopy and histopathology. The diseases detected by colonoscopy and histopathology 18 colorectal polyp, 8 colorectal cancer, 24 ulcerative lesions and 5 inflammatory bowel disease etc. Regarding comparative analysis of chemical and immunological method, the higher sensitivity (95.4% vs. 49.2%), specificity (44.4% vs. 37.8%), accuracy (74.5% vs. 44.5%), PPV (71.3% vs. 53.3%) and NPV (87% vs. 34%) of immunological method than chemical method was observed. Thus immunological method of fecal occult blood test was appeared to be a better alternative to conventional chemical method of fecal occult blood test in the diagnosis of occult lower GIT bleeding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19641 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2013; 39: 52-56

Short-term outcome of magnesium sulfate infusion in perinatal asphyxia

This randomized, single blind, controlled, clinical trial was done to see the effect of magnesium sulfate infusion in perinatal asphyxia. This study was conducted in the Department of Neonatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January, 2010 to October, 2010. Total 50 term neonates having postnatal age less than 12 hours with history of perinatal asphyxia and had history of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (moderate or severe) were included in this study. Patients were assigned randomly to receive either 3 doses of magnesium sulfate infusion at 250mg/kg per dose (0.5ml/kg per dose) 24 hours apart (experimental group) or 3 doses of normal saline infusion 24 hours apart (placebo-controlled group). Both groups also received supportive care according to the unit protocol for perinatal asphyxia. Baseline characteristics of 50 neonates had no differences in gestational age, birth weight, gender, mode and place of delivery, parity, ANC, liquor colour and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) staging and mean age of intervention between the experimental and controlled groups. The mean serum magnesium at admission was 1.6±0.3mg/dl and 1.8±0.4mg/dl and after 48 hours was 3.9±0.6mg/dl and 1.9±0.2mg/dl in experimental group and in controlled group respectively. There was no significant difference or alteration in colour, heart rate, respiration, capillary filling time/blood pressure and oxygen saturation between the experimental and control groups. At discharge, 26% (5 of 19) of infants in the experimental group had neurological abnormalities, compared with 61% (11 of 18) of infants in the control group. At discharge experimental group were received more (78% vs. 44%) oral feedings by sucking compared with the controlled group. There is no significant difference in Electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities between groups. Good short-term outcomes at discharge were seen more (60% vs. 32%) in the experimental group, compared with the placebo-controlled group. The overall mortality rate in our study was 26%. Postnatal magnesium sulfate infusion is effective in improving short-term outcomes in neonate with perinatal asphyxia.