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Abacı N, Senol Deniz FS, Ekhteiari Salmas R, Uysal Bayar F, Turgut K, Orhan IE. In vitro and in silico cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant effects of essential oils and extracts of two new Salvia fruticosa mill. cultivars (Turgut and Uysal) and GC-MS analysis of the essential oils. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:674-686. [PMID: 36739545 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2163988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The EtOH extracts of the leaves of two new cultivars (Uysal-SFU and Turgut-SFT) of Salvia fruticosa Mill. was tested against acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 30.62 ± 3.27 and 32.97 ± 2.33 µg/mL for SFU and SFT, respectively) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 69.91 ± 1.08 µg/mL and 86.55 ± 1.26 µg/mL), respectively, relevant to Alzheimer's disease. The essential oils showed a stumpy inhibition against AChE and no inhibition against BChE. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts (86.70 ± 0.17% and 86.14 ± 1.13% for SFU and SFT, respectively) was stronger than that of quercetin (85.51 ± 0.17%): Their (1.24 ± 0.05 and 1.04 ± 0.16 for SFU and SFT, respectively) ferric-reducing antioxidant power were close to that of the reference (e.g. quercetin, 1.42 ± 0.14). Molecular docking simulations were performed on their major monoterpenes. Our findings revealed that the leaf EtOH extracts of two cultivars are promising inhibitors of both AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Abacı
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Fatma Uysal Bayar
- Department of Food Technology, Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Kenan Turgut
- Department of Field Crops, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Türkiye
- Principal Member of Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Ankara, Türkiye
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Senol Deniz FS, Ekhteiari Salmas R, Emerce E, Sener B, Erdogan Orhan I. Cholinesterase Inhibitory and In Silico Toxicity Assessment of Thirty-Four Isoquinoline Alkaloids - Berberine as the Lead Compound. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2023:CNSNDDT-EPUB-130955. [PMID: 37073143 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230417083053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors used currently in clinics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most prescribed drug class with nitrogen-containing chemical formula. Galanthamine, the latest generation anti-ChE drug, contains an isoquinoline structure. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory potential of thirty-four isoquinoline alkaloids, e.g. (-)-adlumidine, β-allocryptopine, berberine, (+)-bicuculline, (-)-bicuculline, (+)-bulbocapnine, (-)-canadine, (±)-chelidimerine, corydaldine, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, dehydrocavidine, (+)-fumariline, (-)-fumarophycine, (+)-α-hydrastine, (+)-isoboldine, 13-methylcolumbamine, (-)-norjuziphine, norsanguinarine, (-)-ophiocarpine, (-)-ophiocarpine-N-oxide, oxocularine, oxosarcocapnine, palmatine, (+)-parfumine, protopine, (+)-reticuline, sanguinarine, (+)-scoulerine, (±)-sibiricine, (±)-sibiricine acetate, (-)-sinactine, and (-)-stylopine isolated from several Fumaria (fumitory) and Corydalis species towards acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by microtiter plate assays. The alkaloids with strong ChE inhibition were proceeded to molecular docking simulations as well as in silico toxicity screening for their mutagenic capacity through VEGA QSAR (AMES test) consensus model and VEGA platform as statistical approaches. The inputs were evaluated in a simplified molecular input-line entry system (SMILES). RESULTS ChE inhibition assays indicated that the highest AChE inhibition was caused by berberine (IC50: 0.72 ± 0.04 µg/mL), palmatine (IC50: 6.29 ± 0.61 µg/mL), β-allocryptopine (IC50: 10.62 ± 0.45 µg/mL), (-)-sinactine (IC50: 11.94 ± 0.44 µg/mL), and dehydrocavidine (IC50: 15.01 ± 1.87 µg/mL) as compared to that of galanthamine (IC50: 0.74 ± 0.01 µg/mL), the reference drug with isoquinoline skeleton. Less number of the tested alkaloids exhibited notable BChE inhibition. Among them, berberine (IC50: 7.67 ± 0.36 µg/mL) and (-)-corydalmine (IC50: 7.78 ± 0.38 µg/mL) displayed a stronger inhibition than that of galanthamine (IC50: 12.02 ± 0.25 µg/mL). The mutagenic activity was shown for β-allocryptopine, (+)- and (-)-bicuculline, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, (-)-fumarophycine, (-)-norjuziphine, (-)-ophiocarpine-N-oxide, (+)-scoulerine, (-)-sinactine, and (-)-stylopine by means of in silico experiments. The results obtained by molecular docking simulations of berberine, palmatine, and (-)-corydalmine suggested that the estimated free ligand-binding energies of these compounds inside the binding domains of their targets are reasonable to make them capable of establishing strong polar and nonpolar bonds with the atoms of the active site amino acids. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that berberine, palmatin, and (-)-corydalmine stand out as the most promising isoquinoline alkaloids in terms of ChE inhibition. Among them, berberine has displayed a robust dual inhibition against both ChEs and could be evaluated further as a lead compound for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esra Emerce
- Gazi University Pharmaceutical Toxicology Ankara Turkey
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Erdogan Orhan I, Deniz FSS, Salmas RE, Irmak S, Acar OO, Turgut GC, Sen A, Zbancioc AM, Luca SV, Skiba A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Tataringa G. Evaluation of Anti-Alzheimer Activity of Synthetic Coumarins by Combination of in Vitro and in Silico Approaches. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200315. [PMID: 36282001 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Series of synthetic coumarin derivatives (1-16) were tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), two enzymes linked to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compound 16 was the most active AChE inhibitor with IC50 32.23±2.91 μM, while the reference (galantamine) had IC50 =1.85±0.12 μM. Compounds 9 (IC50 75.14±1.82 μM), 13 (IC50 =16.14±0.43 μM), were determined to be stronger BChE inhibitors than the reference galantamine (IC50 =93.53±2.23 μM). The IC50 value of compound 16 for BChE inhibition (IC50 =126.56±11.96 μM) was slightly higher than galantamine. The atomic interactions between the ligands and the key amino acids inside the binding cavities were simulated to determine their ligand-binding positions and free energies. The three inhibitory coumarins (9, 13, 16) were next tested for their effects on the genes associated with AD using human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell lines. Our data indicate that they could be considered for further evaluation as new anti-Alzheimer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sule Irmak
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 20070, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozden Ozgun Acar
- Pamukkale University, Seed Breeding & Genetics Application Research Center, 20070, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Gurbet Celik Turgut
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Organic Agriculture Management, Civril, 20680, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Alaattin Sen
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 20070, Denizli, Turkey.,Abdullah Gul University, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ana-Maria Zbancioc
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Faculty of Pharmacy, Romania
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Adrianna Skiba
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Gabriela Tataringa
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Faculty of Pharmacy, Romania
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Senol Deniz FS, Eren G, Orhan IE, Sener B, Ozgen U, Aldaba R, Calis I. Outlining In Vitro and In Silico Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Twenty-Four Natural Products of Various Chemical Classes: Smilagenin, Kokusaginine, and Methyl Rosmarinate as Emboldening Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072024. [PMID: 33916300 PMCID: PMC8037418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition is an important treatment strategy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are involved in the pathology of AD. In the current work, ChE inhibitory potential of twenty-four natural products from different chemical classes (i.e., diosgenin, hecogenin, rockogenin, smilagenin, tigogenin, astrasieversianins II and X, astragalosides I, IV, and VI, cyclocanthosides E and G, macrophyllosaponins A-D, kokusaginin, lamiide, forsythoside B, verbascoside, alyssonoside, ipolamide, methyl rosmarinate, and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide) was examined using ELISA microtiter assay. Among them, only smilagenin and kokusaginine displayed inhibitory action against AChE (IC50 = 43.29 ± 1.38 and 70.24 ± 2.87 µg/mL, respectively). BChE was inhibited by only methyl rosmarinate and kokusaginine (IC50 = 41.46 ± 2.83 and 61.40 ± 3.67 µg/mL, respectively). IC50 values for galantamine as the reference drug were 1.33 ± 0.11 µg/mL for AChE and 52.31 ± 3.04 µg/mL for BChE. Molecular docking experiments showed that the orientation of smilagenin and kokusaginine was mainly driven by the interactions with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) comprising residues of hAChE, while kokusaginine and methyl rosmarinate were able to access deeper into the active gorge in hBChE. Our data indicate that similagenin, kokusaginine, and methyl rosmarinate could be hit compounds for designing novel anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (F.S.S.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Gokcen Eren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (F.S.S.D.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (F.S.S.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Ufuk Ozgen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Randa Aldaba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Turkey; (R.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Ihsan Calis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Turkey; (R.A.); (I.C.)
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Orhan IE, Senol Deniz FS. Natural Products as Potential Leads Against Coronaviruses: Could They be Encouraging Structural Models Against SARS-CoV-2? Nat Prod Bioprospect 2020; 10:171-186. [PMID: 32529545 PMCID: PMC7289229 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
New coronavirus referred to SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic (COVID-19) declared by WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is akin to SARS-CoV, which was the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 as well as to that of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012. SARS-CoV-2 has been revealed to belong to Coronaviridiae family as a member of β-coronaviruses. It has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA with the largest RNA genome. Since its genomic sequence has a notable similarity to that of SARS-CoV, antiviral drugs used to treat SARS and MERS are now being also applied for COVID-19 treatment. In order to combat SARS-CoV-2, many drug and vaccine development studies at experimental and clinical levels are currently conducted worldwide. In this sense, medicinal plants and the pure natural molecules isolated from plants have been reported to exhibit significant inhibitory antiviral activity against SARS-CoV and other types of coronaviruses. In the present review, plant extracts and natural molecules with the mentioned activity are discussed in order to give inspiration to researchers to take these molecules into consideration against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
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Dundar Y, Kuyrukcu O, Eren G, Senol Deniz FS, Onkol T, Orhan IE. Novel pyridazinone derivatives as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Orhan IE, Senol Deniz FS, Traedal-Henden S, Cerón-Carrasco JP, den Haan H, Peña-García J, Pérez-Sánchez H, Emerce E, Skalicka-Wozniak K. Profiling Auspicious Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Two Herbal Molecules: Hyperforin and Hyuganin C. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900017. [PMID: 30891904 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic therapy based on cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory drugs is the mainstay for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, an extensive research has been continuing for the discovery of drug candidates as inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. In this study, two natural molecules, e. g. hyperforin and hyuganin C were tested in vitro for their AChE and BChE inhibitory activity. Both of the compounds were ineffective against AChE, whereas hyperforin (IC50 =141.60±3.39 μm) and hyuganin C (IC50 =38.86±1.69 μm) were found to be the highly active inhibitors of BChE as compared to galantamine (IC50 =46.58±0.91 μm) which was used as the reference. Then, these molecules were further proceeded to molecular docking experiments in order to establish their interactions at the active site of BChE. The molecular docking results indicated that both of them are able to block the access to key residues in the catalytic triad of the enzyme, while they complement some of the hydrophobic residues of the cavity, what is consistent with our in vitro data. While both compounds were predicted as mutagenic, only hyuganin C showed hepatotoxicity in in silico analysis. According to whole outcomes that we obtained, particularly hyuganin C besides hyperforin are the promising BChE inhibitors, which can be the promising compounds for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - José P Cerón-Carrasco
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Helena den Haan
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Esra Emerce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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Orhan IE, Senol Deniz FS, Salmas RE, Durdagi S, Epifano F, Genovese S, Fiorito S. Combined molecular modeling and cholinesterase inhibition studies on some natural and semisynthetic O-alkylcoumarin derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2018; 84:355-362. [PMID: 30530106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins of synthetic or natural origins are an important chemical class exerting diverse pharmacological activities. In the present study, 26 novel O-alkylcoumarin derivatives were synthesized and have been tested at 100 µM for their in vitro inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrlcholinesterase (BChE) targets which are the key enzymes playing role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Among the tested coumarins, none of them could inhibit AChE, whereas 12 of them exerted a marked and selective inhibition against BChE as compared to the reference (galanthamine, IC50 = 46.58 ± 0.91 µM). In fact, 10 of the active coumarins showed higher inhibition (IC50 = 7.01 ± 0.28 µM - 43.31 ± 3.63 µM) than that of galanthamine. The most active ones were revealed to be 7-styryloxycoumarin (IC50 = 7.01 ± 0.28 µM) and 7-isopentenyloxy-4-methylcoumarin (IC50 = 8.18 ± 0.74 µM). In addition to the in vitro tests, MetaCore/MetaDrug binary QSAR models and docking simulations were applied to evaluate the active compounds by ligand-based and target-driven approaches. The predicted pharmacokinetic profiles of the compounds suggested that the compounds reveal lipophilic character and permeate blood brain barrier (BBB) and the ADME models predict higher human serum protein binding percentages (>50%) for the compounds. The calculated docking scores indicated that the coumarins showing remarkable BChE inhibition possessed favorable free binding energies in interacting with the ligand-binding domain of the target. Therefore, our results disclose that O-alkylcoumarins are promising selective inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, particularly BChE in our case, which definitely deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramin Ekhteiari Salmas
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo, CH, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo, CH, Italy
| | - Serena Fiorito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo, CH, Italy
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