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Fedele G, Schiavoni I, Trentini F, Leone P, Olivetta E, Fallucca A, Fiore S, Di Martino A, Abrignani S, Baldo V, Baldovin T, Bandera A, Clerici P, De Paschale M, Diaco F, Domnich A, Fortunato F, Giberti I, Gori A, Grifantini R, Lazzarotto T, Lodi V, Mastroianni CM, Prato R, Restivo V, Vitale F, Brusaferro S, Merler S, Palamara AT, Stefanelli P. A 12-month follow-up of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 primary vaccination: evidence from a real-world study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272119. [PMID: 38077369 PMCID: PMC10698351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A real-world population-based longitudinal study, aimed at determining the magnitude and duration of immunity induced by different types of vaccines against COVID-19, started in 2021 by enrolling a cohort of 2,497 individuals at time of their first vaccination. The study cohort included both healthy adults aged ≤65 years and elderly subjects aged >65 years with two or more co-morbidities. Here, patterns of anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cell-mediated specific immune response, assessed on 1,182 remaining subjects, at 6 (T6) and 12 months (T12) after the first vaccine dose, are described. At T12 median anti-Spike IgG antibody levels were increased compared to T6. The determinants of increased anti-Spike IgG were the receipt of a third vaccine dose between T6 and T12 and being positive for anti-Nucleocapside IgG at T12, a marker of recent infection, while age had no significant effect. The capacity of T12 sera to neutralize in vitro the ancestral B strain and the Omicron BA.5 variant was assessed in a subgroup of vaccinated subjects. A correlation between anti-S IgG levels and sera neutralizing capacity was identified and higher neutralizing capacity was evident in healthy adults compared to frail elderly subjects and in those who were positive for anti-Nucleocapside IgG at T12. Remarkably, one third of T12 sera from anti-Nucleocapside IgG negative older individuals were unable to neutralize the BA.5 variant strain. Finally, the evaluation of T-cell mediated immunity showed that most analysed subjects, independently from age and comorbidity, displayed Spike-specific responses with a high degree of polyfunctionality, especially in the CD8 compartment. In conclusion, vaccinated subjects had high levels of circulating antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein 12 months after the primary vaccination, which increased as compared to T6. The enhancing effect could be attributable to the administration of a third vaccine dose but also to the occurrence of breakthrough infection. Older individuals, especially those who were anti-Nucleocapside IgG negative, displayed an impaired capacity to neutralize the BA.5 variant strain. Spike specific T-cell responses, able to sustain immunity and maintain the ability to fight the infection, were present in most of older and younger subjects assayed at T12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Schiavoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Trentini
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Leone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fallucca
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Di Martino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Applied Microbiology, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tatjana Baldovin
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Applied Microbiology, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Clerici
- Microbiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo De Paschale
- Microbiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Diaco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexander Domnich
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, and Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Fortunato
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Irene Giberti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, and Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Microbiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
- II Division of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lazzarotto
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lodi
- Occupational Health Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Prato
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, and Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Restivo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Merler
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Diaco F, Romano S, Sessa R. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in SARS-CoV-2- and Chlamydia pneumoniae-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070723. [PMID: 34202515 PMCID: PMC8301438 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the years, a growing number of studies have provided evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of infectious agent-related cardiovascular diseases. Amongst the numerous respiratory pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus responsible for the global ongoing pandemic, and Chlamydia pneumoniae, a widely known intracellular obligate bacteria, seem to have an essential role in promoting reactive oxygen species and cytokine production. The present review highlights the common oxidative and inflammatory molecular pathways underlying the cardiovascular diseases associated with SARS-CoV-2 or C. pneumoniae infections. The main therapeutic and preventive approaches using natural antioxidant compounds will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Fabiana Diaco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Silvio Romano
- Cardiology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, P.le Salvatore Tommasi, 1, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
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Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Pasqualetti P, Manera M, Diaco F, Sessa R. In-cell western assay as a high-throughput approach for Chlamydia trachomatis quantification and susceptibility testing to antimicrobials. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251075. [PMID: 33974662 PMCID: PMC8112659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in developed countries, with around 127 million new cases per year, is mainly responsible for urethritis and cervicitis in women, and urethritis and epididymitis in men. Most C. trachomatis infections remain asymptomatic (>50%) and, hence, untreated, leading to severe reproductive complications in both women and men, like infertility. Therefore, the detection of C. trachomatis as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility testing becomes a priority, and, along the years, several methods have been recommended, like cell culture and direct immunofluorescence (DFA) on cell cultures. Herein, we described the application of In-Cell Western assay (ICW) via Odyssey CLx as a fast, more accessible, and high-throughput platform for the quantification of C. trachomatis and the screening of anti-chlamydial drugs. As a first step, we set up a standard curve by infecting cell monolayers with 2-fold serial dilutions of C. trachomatis Elementary Body (EB) suspension. Then, different unknown C. trachomatis EB suspensions were quantified and the chlamydial susceptibility testing to erythromycin was performed, using the DFA as comparison. Our results showed a very high concordance between these two assays, as evidenced by the enumeration of chlamydial IFUs as well as the determination of erythromycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). In conclusion, the ICW assay may be a promising candidate as an accurate and accessible methodology for C. trachomatis antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Pasqualetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Health Statistics and Biometry, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Manera
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Diaco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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