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Pan HC, Chen HY, Teng NC, Yeh FY, Huang TM, See CY, Sun CY, Chen YC, Chen L, Wu VC. Recovery Dynamics and Prognosis After Dialysis for Acute Kidney Injury. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e240351. [PMID: 38457183 PMCID: PMC10924241 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance The interplay among baseline kidney function, severity of acute kidney disease (AKD), and post-AKD kidney function has significant associations with patient outcomes. However, a comprehensive understanding of how these factors are collectively associated with mortality, major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D) is yet to be fully explored. Objective To investigate the associations of baseline kidney function, AKD severity, and post-AKD kidney function with mortality, MACEs, and ESKD in patients with AKI-D. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationwide, population-based cohort study of patients with AKI-D was conducted between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018, using data from various health care settings included in the Taiwan nationwide population-based cohort database. Data analysis was conducted from April 28, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Exposure Exposure to severe AKI and baseline and post-AKD kidney function. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and incident MACEs, and secondary outcomes were risks of permanent dialysis and readmission. Results A total of 6703 of 22 232 patients (mean [SD] age, 68.0 [14.7] years; 3846 [57.4%] male) with AKI-D with post-AKD kidney function follow-up and AKD stage data were enrolled. During a mean (SD) 1.2 (0.9) years of follow-up, the all-cause mortality rate was 28.3% (n = 1899), while the incidence rates of MACEs and ESKD were 11.1% (n = 746) and 16.7% (n = 1119), respectively. After adjusting for known covariates, both post-AKD kidney function and baseline kidney function, but not AKD severity, were independently associated with all-cause mortality, MACEs, ESKD, and readmission. Moreover, worse post-AKD kidney function correlated with progressive and significant increases in the risk of adverse outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of patients with AKI-D, more than one-quarter of patients died after 1.2 years of follow-up. Baseline and post-AKD kidney functions serve as important factors associated with the long-term prognosis of patients with AKI-D. Therefore, concerted efforts to understand the transition from post-AKD to chronic kidney disease are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Chih Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yu Chen
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chi Teng
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Yeh
- Division of Nephrology, Primary Aldosteronism Center of Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Min Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Primary Aldosteronism Center of Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- NSARF (National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of ARF), Taipei, Taiwan
- TAIPAI (Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigators), Taipei, Taiwan
- CAKS (Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun Yin See
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Chen
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Likwang Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Primary Aldosteronism Center of Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- NSARF (National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of ARF), Taipei, Taiwan
- TAIPAI (Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigators), Taipei, Taiwan
- CAKS (Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases), Taipei, Taiwan
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Pan HC, Chen JY, Chen HY, Yeh FY, Huang TTM, Sun CY, Wang SI, Wei JCC, Wu VC. Sodium-Glucose Cotransport Protein 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Kidney Disease. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2350050. [PMID: 38170522 PMCID: PMC10765268 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Sodium-glucose cotransport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) have demonstrated associations with positive kidney-related and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the association of SGLT-2is with outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes and acute kidney disease (AKD) remains unclear. Objective To examine the long-term associations of SGLT-2is with mortality, major adverse kidney events (MAKEs), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes and AKD. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used global health care data (the TriNetX database) spanning from September 30, 2002, to September 30, 2022. Propensity score matching was used to select a cohort of patients, and follow-up was conducted with a maximum duration of 5 years (completed on September 30, 2022) or until the occurrence of an outcome or death. Intervention The use of SGLT-2is. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes measured were mortality, MAKEs, and MACEs. Adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) with 95% CIs were calculated to compare the risks between SGLT-2i users and nonusers, representing the mean treatment effect among the treated patients. Results A total of 230 366 patients with AKD (mean [SD] age, 67.1 [16.4] years; 51.8% men and 48.2% women) were enrolled in the study, which had a median follow-up duration of 2.3 (IQR, 1.2-3.5) years. Among these, 5319 individuals (2.3%) were identified as SGLT-2i users. Among nonusers, the incidence of mortality was 18.7%, the incidence of MAKEs was 21.0%, and the incidence of MACEs was 25.8%. After propensity score matching, the absolute differences between SGLT-2i users and nonusers for incidence of mortality, MAKEs, and MACEs were 9.7%, 11.5%, and 12.3%, respectively. Based on the treated population, SGLT-2i use was associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality (AHR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.62-0.77]), MAKEs (AHR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.56-0.69]), and MACEs (AHR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.65-0.88]) compared with nonuse. External validation using a multicenter cohort data set of 1233 patients with AKD patients who were SGLT-2i users confirmed the observed beneficial outcomes. Notably, the risk reduction associated with SGLT-2is remained significant even among patients without hypertension, those with advanced chronic kidney disease, and those not receiving other hypoglycemic agents. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes and AKD, administration of SGLT-2is was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality, MAKEs, and MACEs when compared with nonuse, underscoring the importance of SGLT-2is in care after acute kidney injury. These findings emphasize the potential benefits of SGLT-2is in managing AKD and mitigating the risks of major cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Chih Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Yeh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Tao-Min Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of Acute Renal Failure and Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ing Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of Acute Renal Failure and Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen CC, Liao RY, Yeh FY, Lin YR, Wu TY, Pastor AE, Zul DD, Hsu YC, Wu KY, Liu KF, Kannagi R, Chen JY, Cai BH. A Simple and Affordable Method to Create Nonsense Mutation Clones of p53 for Studying the Premature Termination Codon Readthrough Activity of PTC124. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051310. [PMID: 37238980 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A premature termination codon (PTC) can be induced by a type of point mutation known as a nonsense mutation, which occurs within the coding region. Approximately 3.8% of human cancer patients have nonsense mutations of p53. However, the non-aminoglycoside drug PTC124 has shown potential to promote PTC readthrough and rescue full-length proteins. The COSMIC database contains 201 types of p53 nonsense mutations in cancers. We built a simple and affordable method to create different nonsense mutation clones of p53 for the study of the PTC readthrough activity of PTC124. (2) Methods: A modified inverse PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis method was used to clone the four nonsense mutations of p53, including W91X, S94X, R306X, and R342X. Each clone was transfected into p53 null H1299 cells and then treated with 50 μM of PTC124. (3) Results: PTC124 induced p53 re-expression in H1299-R306X and H1299-R342X clones but not in H1299-W91X and H1299-S94X clones. (4) Conclusions: Our data showed that PTC124 more effectively rescued the C-terminal of p53 nonsense mutations than the N-terminal of p53 nonsense mutations. We introduced a fast and low-cost site-directed mutagenesis method to clone the different nonsense mutations of p53 for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Chen
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Yeh
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Rou Lin
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Tze-You Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Alexa Escobar Pastor
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Danny Danilo Zul
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chien Hsu
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yo Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Fang Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bi-He Cai
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
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Wu VC, Chan CK, Wu WC, Peng KY, Chang YS, Yeh FY, Chiang JY, Lee YJ, Liu KL, Wang SM, Lin YH, Chueh JS, Chueh SCJ, Yang SY, Liu KL, Chang CC, Lee BC, Wang SM, Huang KH, Lin PC, Lin YH, Lin LY, Liao SC, Yen RF, Lu CC, Er LK, Hu YH, Chang CH, Wu CH, Tsai YC, Ho CH, Huang WC, Chen YY, Wu VC. New-onset diabetes mellitus risk associated with concurrent autonomous cortisol secretion in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:445-455. [PMID: 36481967 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA patients) is not uncommon. This work aimed to determine the effect of cortisol levels on incident new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (NODM) in PA patients. Using the prospectively designed observational TAIPAI cohort, the PA patients were grouped by cortisol level after an overnight low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (1-mg DST). Of the 476 PA patients, 387 (43.7% men; mean age 52.8 years) did not have baseline DM. After a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 2.9 years, 32 patients (8.3%) developed NODM. The cutoff value obtained via a generalized additive model showed that a serum cortisol level ≥ 2.65 µg/dL after 1-mg DST was a risk factor for developing NODM (HR, 3.5, p = 0.031) by Cox proportional- hazards model.. In PA patients with a higher body mass index (>25 kg/m2; HR, 3.16), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (<90 ml/min/1.73 m2; HR, 3.18), longer hypertension duration (>7 years; HR, 3.34), and higher waist-to-hip ratio (>0.9; HR, 3.07), a concomitant cortisol level ≥ 2.65 μg/dL after 1-mg DST were more likely to develop NODM. The high-cortisol group of patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) was associated with an increased risk of NODM (HR, 5.72). Our results showed that PA patients with a concomitant cortisol level ≥ 2.65 µg/dL after 1-mg DST, independent of the aldosterone level, had a higher incidence of NODM. Such PA patients should be carefully evaluated and managed to achieve better glucose control and prevent metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Kai Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shian Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postal Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yang Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Lang Liu
- Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Meng Wang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeff S Chueh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pan HC, Huang TM, Sun CY, Chou NK, Tsao CH, Yeh FY, Lai TS, Chen YM, Wu VC. Predialysis serum lactate levels could predict dialysis withdrawal in Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome patients. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101232. [PMID: 35059613 PMCID: PMC8760464 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an effective rescue therapy for Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Previous studies have demonstrated that type 1 CRS patients with severe renal dysfunction were susceptible to sepsis, and that serum lactate has been correlated with the risk of mortality in patients with sepsis. However, the association between serum lactate level and the prognosis of type 1 CRS patients requiring RRT is unknown. METHODS An inception cohort of 500 type 1 CRS patients who received RRT in a tertiary-care referral hospital in Taiwan from August 2011 to January 2018 were enrolled. The outcomes of interest were dialysis withdrawal and 90-day mortality. The results were further externally validated using sampling data of type 1 CRS patients requiring dialysis from multiple tertiary-care centers. FINDINGS The 90-day mortality rate was 52.8% and the incidence rate of dialysis withdrawal was 34.8%. Lower pre-dialysis lactate was correlated with a higher rate of dialysis withdrawal and lower rate of mortality. Generalized additive model showed that 4.2 mmol/L was an adequate cut-off value of lactate to predict mortality. Taking mortality as a competing risk, Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard analysis further indicated that a low lactate level (≦ 4.2 mmol/L) was an independent predictor for the possibility of dialysis withdrawal, as also shown in external validation. The interaction of quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and lactate was associated with dialysis dependence in a disease severity-dependent manner. Furthermore, the associations between hyperlactatemia and dialysis dependence were consistent in the patients with and without sepsis. INTERPRETATION Serum lactate level is accurate and capable of forecasting the prognosis along with qSOFA severity for clinical decision-making for treating type 1 CRS patients. Further studies are needed to validate our results. FUNDING This study was supported by grants from Taiwan National Science Council [104-2314-B-002-125-MY3,106-2314-B-002-166-MY3,107-2314-B-002-026-MY3], National Taiwan University Hospital [106-FTN20,106-P02,UN106-014,106-S3582,107-S3809,107-T02,PC1246,VN109-09,109-S4634,UN109-041], Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China [MOST106-2321-B-182-002,106-2314-B-182A-064,MOST107-2321-B-182-004,MOST107-2314-B-182A-138, MOST108-2321-B-182-003,MOST109-2321-B-182-001, MOST108-2314-B-182A-027], Chang Gung Memorial Hospital [CMRPG-2G0361,CMRPG-2H0161,CMRPG-2J0261, CMRPG-2K0091], and Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of China [PMRPG-2L0011].
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Chih Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Min Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- NSARF (National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of ARF), TAIPAI, (Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigators), and CAKS (Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Kuan Chou
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsao
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Yeh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- NSARF (National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of ARF), TAIPAI, (Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigators), and CAKS (Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shuan Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- NSARF (National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of ARF), TAIPAI, (Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigators), and CAKS (Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- NSARF (National Taiwan University Hospital Study Group of ARF), TAIPAI, (Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigators), and CAKS (Taiwan Consortium for Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Diseases), Taipei, Taiwan
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