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Kareche H, Valle-Casuso JC, Madeline A, Froger D, Lecouturier F, Gonzalez G, Debbi A, Benseghir ST, Nasri AM, Boureghda M, Achouri A, Laabassi F. Equine influenza outbreak in Eastern of Algeria in 2021: The first introduction of Florida Clade 1 to Maghreb area. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 104:102109. [PMID: 38118336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
We have performed an equine influenza (EI) serological study of the equine population in Algeria by testing 298 serum samples collected between February and August 2021 from 5 provinces. The results were obtained performing an NP-ELISA. Our results revealed that 49.3% (147/298) samples positive for antibodies to EI (H3N8). During this study and after a gap of one decade an outbreak of EI was reported in Algeria in the first week of March 2021. The disease was confirmed by virus detection from the nasal swabs (n = 39) by qRT-PCR and by identifying 5 EI seroconversion. The virus sequences were identified as H3N8 by sequencing the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes. Alignment of HA1 amino acid sequence confirmed that viruses belong to Clade 1 of the Florida sublineage in the American lineage. This study indicate the first detection of FC1 strain of EIV in Maghreb area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadda Kareche
- PIAD Research Team, ESPA Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomic Sciences, University of Batna-1, 05000 Batna, Algeria
| | - José-Carlos Valle-Casuso
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Anthony Madeline
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Delphine Froger
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Fanny Lecouturier
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Moundher Boureghda
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Ibn Khaldoun, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Abdelhamid Achouri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Agronomics Sciences and Veterinary Sciences, University of Mohamed Chérif Messaadia, 41000 Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Farouk Laabassi
- PIAD Research Team, ESPA Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomic Sciences, University of Batna-1, 05000 Batna, Algeria.
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Hébert L, Froger D, Madeline A, Lecouturier F, Lemans C, Zientara S. European Inter-Laboratory Proficiency Test for Dourine Antibody Detection Using the Complement Fixation Test. Vet Sci 2023; 10:592. [PMID: 37888544 PMCID: PMC10610798 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dourine is a sexually transmitted parasitic disease affecting equids. Its causative agent is referred to as Trypanosoma equiperdum and the prescribed serodiagnosis method is the complement fixation test (CFT). In the context of our European Reference Laboratory mandate for equine diseases (excluding African horse sickness), we organised dourine CFT inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) in 2015, 2018 and 2022 to evaluate the performance of the European Union network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for dourine. ILPT panels were composed of horse sera with or without antibodies against Trypanosoma spp. originating from non-infected, immunised or experimentally infected horses. Twenty-two NRLs participated in at least one of the three sessions. In 2015, 2018 and 2022, the percentage of laboratories obtaining 100% of the expected results was 57, 90 and 80, respectively. These dourine CFT ILPTs showed the benefits of standardising the method's detection limit and underlined the constant need to evaluate NRLs to improve the network's performance. These results also argue in favour of the need for a representative bio-bank to improve the representativeness of ILPT samples and to allow the adoption of alternative serological methods for international surveillance of dourine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hébert
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Delphine Froger
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Anthony Madeline
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Fanny Lecouturier
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Charlène Lemans
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Maisons-Alfort, ANSES, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
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Laabassi F, Dheilly N, Beck C, Amaral R, Gonzalez G, Gaudaire D, Madeline A, Lecouturier F, Lecollinet S, Zientara S, Hans A, Valle-Casuso JC. Serological evidence of circulation of West Nile virus in equids in Algerian eastern drylands and its epidemiological risk factors. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101947. [PMID: 36638646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the prevalence of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), Usutu virus (USUV), and West Nile virus (WNV) in eastern Algerian drylands, 340 sera from distinct equids have been collected from 2015 to 2017. Serological analysis for the presence of antibodies against EIAV and flaviviruses was performed using commercially available ELISAs. Sera detected positive, doubtful, or negative close to the doubtful threshold in flavivirus ELISA were tested by the virus neutralization test (VNT), using WNV and USUV strains. The prevalence of WNV antibodies with ELISA was 11.47% (39/340) against 13.53% (46/340) by WNV VNT. EIAV antibodies were not detected in any samples. WNV seroprevalence varies with species, breed and location of horses. Only, one equid was positive for both WNV and USUV neutralizing antibodies. This is the first screening on equids sera of EIAV and USUV in Algeria. This study indicate that WNV and possibly USUV have circulated/are circulating in the Algerian equine population, unlike EIAV does not seem to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Laabassi
- PIAD Research Team, ESPA Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomics Sciences, University of Batna-1, 05000 Batna, Algeria.
| | - Nolwenn Dheilly
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Cécile Beck
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Rayane Amaral
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Delphine Gaudaire
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Anthony Madeline
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Fanny Lecouturier
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - José-Carlos Valle-Casuso
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
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Hébert L, Polledo G, Lecouturier F, Giorgi M, Beck C, Lowenski S, Laroucau K, Büscher P, Hans A, Becù T. Serological evidence of equine infectious anaemia, West Nile fever, surra and equine piroplasmosis in a herd of horses in northern Argentina. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 24:100566. [PMID: 34024382 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Northern Argentina hosts equine populations living under preserved natural areas and extensive breeding conditions, with limited access to veterinary care. Horses can be in contact with i) wildlife considered to be a potential reservoir of horse pathogens (e.g. capybara, coatis and pampas deer) and/or ii) potential disease vectors such as ticks, horse flies, Culicidae and vampire bats. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the exposure of horses from a herd in northern Argentina to different vector-borne pathogens. Serum samples were collected from 20 horses on a farm in Chaco province. Most of these horses were in good health, but a few showed clinical signs such as fever, neurological signs or emaciation. Potential vectors (ticks, horse flies and Culicidae) were present and a fresh bite of a vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) was observed on one horse. This serological survey revealed that 100% (20/20) were positive for equine infectious anaemia (EIA), 100% (18/18) for West Nile fever (WNF), 53% (10/19) for surra and 45% (9/20) for equine piroplasmosis (Babesia equi). Among these horses, four were found seropositive for all four infections. On the other hand, all the tested horses were seronegative for equine viral arteritis (EVA), Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and glanders. The data from this survey conducted on a small number of animals illustrate the need for an effective application of surveillance programmes and control measures for equine diseases in northern Argentina and constitute, to our knowledge, the first report of horses simultaneously seropositive for EIA, WNF, surra and equine piroplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hébert
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de santé animale, site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France.
| | - Gonzalo Polledo
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Clinica Equina SRL, Alem 1698 - Capitan Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fanny Lecouturier
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de santé animale, site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Mariana Giorgi
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Clinica Equina SRL, Alem 1698 - Capitan Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de santé animale, site de Maisons-Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Steeve Lowenski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de santé animale, site de Maisons-Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Unité Zoonoses bactériennes, Laboratoire de santé animale, site de Maisons-Alfort, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Aymeric Hans
- Unité PhEED, Laboratoire de santé animale, site de Normandie, ANSES, RD675, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Teótimo Becù
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Clinica Equina SRL, Alem 1698 - Capitan Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Deshiere A, Berthet N, Lecouturier F, Gaudaire D, Hans A. Molecular characterization of Equine Infectious Anemia Viruses using targeted sequence enrichment and next generation sequencing. Virology 2019; 537:121-129. [PMID: 31493650 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is responsible of acute disease episodes characterized by fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia and anorexia in equids. The high mutation rate in EIAV genome limited the number of full genome sequences availability. In the present study, we used the SureSelect target enrichment system with Illumina Next Generation Sequencing to characterize the proviral DNA of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) from asymptomatic horses. This approach allows a direct sequencing of the EIAV whole genome without cloning or amplification steps and we could obtain for the first time the complete genomic DNA sequences of French EIAV strains. We analyzed their phylogenetic relationship and genetic variability by comparison with 17 whole EIAV genome sequences from different parts of the world. The results obtained provide new insights into the molecular detection of EIAV and genetic diversity of European viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Deshiere
- ANSES- Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Lecouturier
- ANSES- Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Delphine Gaudaire
- ANSES- Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES- Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
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Gaudaire D, Lecouturier F, Ponçon N, Morilland E, Laugier C, Zientara S, Hans A. Molecular characterization of equine infectious anaemia virus from a major outbreak in southeastern France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e7-e13. [PMID: 28503813 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, a major outbreak of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) was reported in the south-east of France. This outbreak affected three premises located in the Var region where the index case, a 10-year-old mare that exhibited clinical signs consistent with EIA, occurred at a riding school. Overall, more than 250 horses were tested for EIAV (equine infectious anaemia virus) antibodies, using agar gel immunodiffusion test, and 16 horses were positive in three different holdings. Epidemiological survey confirmed that the three premises were related through the purchase/sale of horses and the use of shared or nearby pastures. Molecular characterization of viruses was performed by sequencing the full gag gene sequence (1,400 bp) of the proviral DNAs retrieved from the spleen of infected animals collected post-mortem. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed epidemiological data from the field, as viruses isolated from the three premises were clustering together suggesting a common origin whereas some premises were 50 km apart. Moreover, viruses characterized during this outbreak are different from European strains described so far, underlying the high genetic diversity of EIAV in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gaudaire
- Virology Unit, ANSES-Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Goustranville, France
| | - F Lecouturier
- Virology Unit, ANSES-Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Goustranville, France
| | - N Ponçon
- Direction Générale de l'Alimentation, Ministère de l'Agriculture, Paris, France
| | - E Morilland
- Virology Unit, ANSES-Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Goustranville, France
| | - C Laugier
- Virology Unit, ANSES-Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Goustranville, France
| | - S Zientara
- Anses Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 Virologie, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Hans
- Virology Unit, ANSES-Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Goustranville, France
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Fougerolle S, Legrand L, Lecouturier F, Sailleau C, Paillot R, Hans A, Pronost S. Genetic evolution of equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated in France from 1967 to 2015 and the implications of several potential pathogenic factors. Virology 2017; 505:210-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gaudaire D, Amelot G, Lecouturier F, Tapprest J, Hans A. Overview of surveillance of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) in France in 2012. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Laabassi F, Lecouturier F, Amelot G, Gaudaire D, Mamache B, Laugier C, Legrand L, Zientara S, Hans A. Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Responsible for Clinical Disease in Algeria in 2011. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 62:623-31. [PMID: 24472362 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of equine influenza (EI) was reported in Algeria between May and July, 2011. The outbreak started in Tiaret, in west province of Algeria, and spread to the other parts of the country affecting almost 900 horses in many provinces. The population studied was composed of 325 horses from different groups of age. Clinical sign expression was age dependent. Indeed, a morbidity rate of 14.9% was observed in horses under 15 months old and a rate of 4.95% in horses over 8 years old. Interestingly, the morbidity rate raised sharply to reach 100% in horses aged between 18 months and 7 years. The virus (H3N8) was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 11) from non-vaccinated horses using a qRT-PCR targeting a portion of the gene encoding the matrix protein (M). The virus isolates were identified as H3N8 by sequencing the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes and were named from A/equine/Tiaret/1/2011 to A/equine/Tiaret/10/2011. Alignment of HA1 amino acid sequence confirmed that viruses belong to Clade 2 of the Florida sublineage in the American lineage. Moreover, they are closely related to A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010, A/equine/Eyragues/1/2010, A/equine/Bokel/2011 and A/equine/Lichtenfeld/2012. Our data indicate that this strain was also circulating in the European horse population in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laabassi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Agronomics Sciences and Veterinary Sciences, University of Mohamed Chérif Messaadia, Souk Ahras, Algeria.,ESPA Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomics Sciences, University of El-Hadj Lakhdar, Batna, Algeria
| | - F Lecouturier
- Equine Pathology Laboratory, Virology Unit, Anses - Dozulé, Goustranville, France
| | - G Amelot
- Equine Pathology Laboratory, Virology Unit, Anses - Dozulé, Goustranville, France
| | - D Gaudaire
- Equine Pathology Laboratory, Virology Unit, Anses - Dozulé, Goustranville, France
| | - B Mamache
- ESPA Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomics Sciences, University of El-Hadj Lakhdar, Batna, Algeria
| | - C Laugier
- Equine Pathology Laboratory, Virology Unit, Anses - Dozulé, Goustranville, France
| | - L Legrand
- Laboratoire Frank Duncombe, Caen, France
| | - S Zientara
- Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 Anses/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Hans
- Equine Pathology Laboratory, Virology Unit, Anses - Dozulé, Goustranville, France
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Hans A, Gaudaire D, Morilland E, Lecouturier F, Laugier C, Ponçon N, Zientara S. Report of the surveillance of Equine Infectious Anaemia in France in 2010. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thilly L, Véron M, Ludwig O, Lecouturier F, Peyrade JP, Askénazy S. High-strength materials:in-situinvestigations of dislocation behaviour in Cu-Nb multifilamentary nanostructured composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/01418610208240010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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