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Zardosht R, Ghardashi F, Borzoee F, Akbarzadeh R, Vafi F, Yazdimoghaddam H, Samadipour E. Fear of the unknown, anxiety, and social isolation in Iranian patients with Covid-19, the grounded theory. J Educ Health Promot 2023; 12:360. [PMID: 38144020 PMCID: PMC10743854 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_861_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has incurred a health challenge. Patients suffer from many physical and mental disorders. To accurately identify the experience of patients with Covid-19 in the Iranian society. MATERIALS AND METHODS This qualitative research was conducted using the grounded theory. The data of this grounded theory study were collected using 32 semi-structured interviews with participants and field notes including the patients with Covid-19, nurses, physicians, and the patients' families. Data analysis was performed using Corbin and Strauss (2008) approach for concepts, context, process, and categories' integration. RESULTS Qualitative analysis of data led to the extraction of 54 sub-categories and 7 final categories. "Isolation, fear of death, and fear of infection of relatives and family members" were identified as the main issue. The context to this concern was the "unfamiliarity with the virus due to its ambiguous nature that was obtained with a wide range of symptoms." Facing this issue, the patients used the strategy of "adherence to health protocol in the coronavirus infection process" that was recognized as the central variable. CONCLUSION The ambiguous and complex nature of the emerging virus, the appearance of different symptoms in different people, and the fear of infecting others, death and anxiety due to unknown complications of the disease make patients go through the most difficult experience of their lives. That requires ongoing training on up-to-date prevention and treatment protocols, along with the emergence of mutated viruses and new symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Zardosht
- Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedics, Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghardashi
- Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedics, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedics, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Roya Akbarzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Faculty of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Vafi
- Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedics, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Hamideh Yazdimoghaddam
- Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedics, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Ezat Samadipour
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Paramedices, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
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Yazdimoghaddam H, Samadipour E, Ghardashi F, Borzoee F, Akbarzadeh R, Zardosht R, Hesari MH, Khalili S. Designing a comprehensive clinical competency test for operating room technology student: Using Delphi technique and CIPP model evaluation. J Educ Health Promot 2021; 10:240. [PMID: 34395677 PMCID: PMC8318160 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1563_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultimate goal in educating medical students is to train skilled workforce who by obtaining the required knowledge of the discipline, personal and professional skills, and attitudes to enter the national health-care system. This study was conducted with the goal of designing a comprehensive clinical competency test of operating room technology student using the Delphi technique, and then, the clinical skills of the operating room technology students of the paramedical school were assessed using the CIPP evaluation model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted in the University of Medical Sciences to evaluate clinical skills with Delphi technique and CIPP evaluation model. This was a mixed methods study. Purposive sampling method was employed in the qualitative stage, and a census was conducted in the quantitative part. A comprehensive clinical competency test was designed in this research using the Delphi technique and was conducted with 18 students. Then, clinical skills evaluation was performed by descriptive-analytical statistical tests and evaluator's observation using the CIPP model. RESULTS The comprehensive clinical competencies test of the surgical technology students was designed in four sections: content, evaluation method, test conditions, and the criteria for passing the comprehensive test. The results in the implementation stage showed that the operating room technology students had a range of excellent to weak performances in exhibiting basic skills at different levels. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that the comprehensive test, designed based on the Delphi technique of experts, and using the CIPP model can be a good criterion for the evaluation of the operating room technology students before entering the clerkship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Yazdimoghaddam
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedices, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Ezat Samadipour
- PhD Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School Paramedical, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghardashi
- PhD in Health Research and Technology Management, Assistant Professor of SUMS, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Vice Chancellor of Education and Research, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Roya Akbarzadeh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Paramedices,Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Zardosht
- Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedices, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzerar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseinzadeh Hesari
- Department of Operating Room, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Khalili
- Department of Operating Room, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Heshmatifar N, Salari M, Rad M, Afshari Saleh T, Borzoee F, Rastaghi S. A New Approach on the pain management of intramuscular injection: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Pain Manag Nurs 2021; 23:353-358. [PMID: 33714700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain management is an important part of care provided by nurses. AIMS The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an innovative method named the skin traction, pressure, and rapid muscle release (TPR) on reducing IM injection pain compared with the Z-track injection method DESIGN: This triple-blind clinical trial investigated 63 patients who required Methocarbamol injection. METHODS Two, 5-cc methocarbamol injections were given to each patient by the two techniques in two of his/her muscles. In the TPR technique, after applying skin traction and imposing deep pressure on the muscle, the needle was inserted at a 90° angle near the skin and the muscle was released rapidly towards the needle. Hence, the needle was embedded in the muscle. However, muscle release was not applied in the Z-track method. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure pain intensity. For data analysis, T-independent and χ2 tests were used. RESULTS The findings showed that the mean pain score in TPR and Z-track methods was 1.68 ± 1.20 and 3.76 ± 1.42, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that the innovative method (TPR) can be used as a substitute for the Z-track method to reduce IM injection pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Heshmatifar
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Maryam Salari
- Student Research Committee,Department of Nursing School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rad
- Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Tahoura Afshari Saleh
- Emergency Medicine Specialist, School of medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- Non-communicable Research Center, School of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Sedighe Rastaghi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Souizi B, Akrami R, Borzoee F, Sahebkar M. Comparison of the efficacy of sublingual, oral, and vaginal administration of misoprostol in the medical treatment of missed abortion during first trimester of pregnancy: A randomized clinical trial study. J Res Med Sci 2020; 25:72. [PMID: 33088309 PMCID: PMC7554523 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_393_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study was aimed at comparing the efficacy of different routes of misoprostol administration, including sublingual, oral, and vaginal, on the induction of medical abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This open-label, randomized clinical trial study was performed on 172 individuals in three parallel groups of vaginal, sublingual, and oral administration of misoprostol. The participants were randomized using permuted blocks of six. A dose of 600 μg of misoprostol every 6 h (maximum of 4 doses) was administrated to each group. Higham chart and demographic questionnaires were completed by the investigator. Data were analyzed using Stata software version 12. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.81 ± 6.7 years, and the mean gestational age was 8.45 ± 2.32 weeks. We found a significant difference regarding the abortion success rate and the time interval between the administration of the drug among three groups (P = 0.036 and < 0.001 in turn). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of severity and duration of vaginal bleeding until day 7 after induction (P = 0.091 and 0.143, respectively). Furthermore, we found statistically significant differences in some drugs, which induced side effects namely vomiting and headache, between the three groups (P = 0.032 and 0.028 in turn). Conclusion: The findings suggest that vaginal administration of misoprostol is more successful than the sublingual and oral route for complete abortion; vaginal administration of misoprostol is an appropriate alternative to curettage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Souizi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Rahim Akrami
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sahebkar
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Heshmati Far N, Salari M, Rakhshani MH, Borzoee F, Sahebkar M. The effects of Benson relaxation technique on activities of daily living in hemodialysis patients; A single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101133. [PMID: 32379668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many patients with renal failure due to the chronic nature of the disease and prolonged dialysis treatment experience dramatically reduced ability to perform daily living activities (ADLs). This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of Benson relaxation technique (BRT) on ADLs in hemodialysis (HD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial study was conducted among 65 hemodialysis patients. They were randomly divided into intervention (n = 33) and control (n = 32) groups. In the intervention group, BRT was performed twice daily for 20 min in a month. The control group received no intervention except for usual care. Data were assessed using the Nottingham Extended Activitıes of Daily Living (NEADL) scale. RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 50.32 ± 7.23 years and 78.4% (n = 51) were male. The odds of higher degree of independence regarding NEADLS was about 25% greater in the intervention group as compared to the control one (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.44; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that using BRT as a non-pharmacological intervention may effectively enhance the ADLs of HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Heshmati Far
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Maryam Salari
- Member of Student Research Committee, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Rakhshani
- Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sahebkar
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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Borzoee F, Heshmati far N, Saleh Abadi R, Ansari M. Motor accidents, the first category of accidents and incidents in Sabzevar from 2001 to 2018: an epidemiological study. J Inj Violence Res 2019. [PMCID: PMC7186965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the world, annually more than 5 million people die as a result of accidents, accounting for one tenth of all deaths. One of the most important strategies to deal with these cases is prevention, which necessitates recognizing the epidemiology of accidents and incidents. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology of accidents and incidents in Sabzevar in a period of 17 years. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which 125346 cases of accidents recorded from March 1, 2001 to March 13, 2018 were investigated. In this study, the information on the casualties referring to hospitals which had been collected thorough hospital registration forms was analyzed using software STATA version 11. Results: The total number of accidents recorded in Sabzevar County during 17 consecutive years has been 125,346. Most of the casualties were males (72.47%). Among all types of accidents, motor vehicle crashes accounted for most of the accidents with 29.53% of cases. Urban areas had the highest accident frequency rate with 68.43% of cases, compared to outdoors areas. Conclusions: According to the previous studies, Sabzevar is the second city in Iran with the highest number of motorcycles. It should be noted that these statistics are only related to the recorded accidents. Spreading the culture of riding bicycles as a means of transportation, equipping motorcyclists with helmets and other safety tools, a firmer approach toward violators and the enforcement of laws are more crucial today than they used to be. Keywords: Accidents, Epidemiology, Motor accidents
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Borzoee
- Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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Corresponding Author at:
Fateme Borzoee: Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. (Borzoee F.)
| | - Narjes Heshmati far
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Raha Saleh Abadi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mojgan Ansari
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Heshmatifar N, Saleh abadi R, Ansari M, Borzoee F. Nurses’ perception of safety barriers in nursing: content analysis. J Inj Violence Res 2019. [PMCID: PMC7186950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patient s safety is one of the important dimensions of care qualities. Care techniques, technology and humanities factors threaten patients’ safety. This study aimed to understand nurses’ perceptions of safety barriers in nursing profession. Methods: This qualitative study was carried out using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 12 nurses and two focused groups. Data were analyzed using Bernard s content analysis. Results: Having analyzed the extracted themes, three main themes including the individual features (the lack of specialized knowledge, the lack of awareness of law, responsibility, ability, job satisfaction and experience), management (work plan, educational program, salary and benefits, working conditions) and environment (inadequate equipment) were found. Conclusions: The results of the current study showed that personal characteristics, management plans and clinical environment have effects on safety. This study presents a plan for the classification of safety barriers that provides a framework for quantitative and qualitative research. Keywords: Safety, Nurses, Barriers, Content analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Heshmatifar
- Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
,
Corresponding Author at:
Narjes Heshmatifar: Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. (Heshmatifar N.)
| | | | - Mojgan Ansari
- Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Mortazavi F, Borzoee F. Fatigue in Pregnancy: The validity and reliability of the Farsi Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2019; 19:e44-e50. [PMID: 31198595 PMCID: PMC6544060 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Fatigue is a common discomfort experienced during pregnancy and may contribute to severe labour pain and postpartum depression. This study aimed to translate the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) scale into Farsi and validate it in a sample of pregnant Irani women. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted between January and June 2016 at eight healthcare centres in Sabzevar, Iran. The English version of the MAF scale was translated into Farsi and assessed for content validity. Participants completed the Farsi MAF scale and the Farsi World Health Organization-5 Well-being index (WHO-5). Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to determine the internal consistency and stability of the Farsi MAF scale. Results A total of 582 women met the inclusion criteria, of which 541 completed the MAF scale (response rate: 93%). The EFA of the 15 items confirmed the previously proposed one-factor structure with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.957 for the Farsi MAF scale. Stability was confirmed by the ICC value (0.702) for the Global Fatigue Index (GFI) and the mean GFI was 20.33 ± 12.71. Concurrent validity was confirmed by a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.35; P <0.001) between the scores of the Farsi MAF scale and the Farsi WHO-5. Women who received a high level of support from their husbands, who were satisfied with the quality of their marital relationship and with a well-being score of >50 reported a lower level of fatigue than the other groups (P ≤0.012). Conclusion The Farsi MAF scale is a reliable and valid questionnaire to investigate fatigue in pregnant Irani women. Interventions to promote marital satisfaction and women's well-being are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Mortazavi
- Department of Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- Department of Operating Room, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Souizi B, Mortazavi F, Haeri S, Borzoee F. Comparison of vaginal misoprostol, laminaria, and isosorbide dinitrate on cervical preparation and labor duration of term parturient: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Electron Physician 2018; 10:6756-6763. [PMID: 29997758 PMCID: PMC6033123 DOI: 10.19082/6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical ripening plays an important role in successful labor induction. Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of misoprostol, laminaria tent, and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on cervical ripening. Methods This double-blind three-armed clinical trial was conducted at Shahidan Mombini Teaching Hospital in Sabzevar, Iran, in 2016 on 96 singleton term pregnant women. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either two 20-mg ISDN tablets vaginally every 4 hours for a maximum of three doses or 25 mcg misoprostol vaginally every 6 hours for a maximum of two doses or laminaria tent for a maximum of 12 hours. The method of randomization was covariate adaptive randomization and the primary outcome measures were Bishop Score changes and labor duration. SPSS software version 18 was used for statistical analyses. Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square and ANOVA tests were applied for data analyses. Results Bishop Score changes were higher in the misoprostol group than in the two other groups (p=0.014). Time from start of medication to active phase of labor and delivery were 6.22±3.11 and 11.78±5.3 minutes in the misoprostol group, 11.25±3.07 and 17.62±4.07 minutes in the laminaria group, and 10.12±3.48 and 17.37±4.79 minutes in the ISDN group respectively (p<0.001). Cesarean rate was higher in the misoprostol group than the two other groups (p=0.016). No significant differences were observed between the study groups in terms of Apgar score and meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Conclusions Use of misoprostol results in more improvement of Bishop Score and reduced length of labor phases in comparison to laminaria tent and ISDN. Trial registration The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct ID: IRCT2016050527643N2 in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2015040921670N1. Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Souizi
- MD., Gynecologist, Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Forough Mortazavi
- Ph.D. of Reproductive Health, Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sima Haeri
- Candidate of Medicine, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fateme Borzoee
- M.Sc. of Nursing, Instructor, Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedics, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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