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Paolo FS, Kroodsma D, Raynor J, Hochberg T, Davis P, Cleary J, Marsaglia L, Orofino S, Thomas C, Halpin P. Author Correction: Satellite mapping reveals extensive industrial activity at sea. Nature 2024; 626:E15. [PMID: 38308131 PMCID: PMC10881381 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Raynor
- Forest and Wildlife Ecology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Pete Davis
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jesse Cleary
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sara Orofino
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Halpin
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Paolo FS, Kroodsma D, Raynor J, Hochberg T, Davis P, Cleary J, Marsaglia L, Orofino S, Thomas C, Halpin P. Satellite mapping reveals extensive industrial activity at sea. Nature 2024; 625:85-91. [PMID: 38172362 PMCID: PMC10764273 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The world's population increasingly relies on the ocean for food, energy production and global trade1-3, yet human activities at sea are not well quantified4,5. We combine satellite imagery, vessel GPS data and deep-learning models to map industrial vessel activities and offshore energy infrastructure across the world's coastal waters from 2017 to 2021. We find that 72-76% of the world's industrial fishing vessels are not publicly tracked, with much of that fishing taking place around South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa. We also find that 21-30% of transport and energy vessel activity is missing from public tracking systems. Globally, fishing decreased by 12 ± 1% at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and had not recovered to pre-pandemic levels by 2021. By contrast, transport and energy vessel activities were relatively unaffected during the same period. Offshore wind is growing rapidly, with most wind turbines confined to small areas of the ocean but surpassing the number of oil structures in 2021. Our map of ocean industrialization reveals changes in some of the most extensive and economically important human activities at sea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Raynor
- Forest and Wildlife Ecology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Pete Davis
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jesse Cleary
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sara Orofino
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Halpin
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Kroodsma DA, Hochberg T, Davis PB, Paolo FS, Joo R, Wong BA. Revealing the global longline fleet with satellite radar. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21004. [PMID: 36470894 PMCID: PMC9722684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because many vessels use the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to broadcast GPS positions, recent advances in satellite technology have enabled us to map global fishing activity. Understanding of human activity at sea, however, is limited because an unknown number of vessels do not broadcast AIS. Those vessels can be detected by satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, but this technology has not yet been deployed at scale to estimate the size of fleets in the open ocean. Here we combine SAR and AIS for large-scale open ocean monitoring, developing methods to match vessels with AIS to vessels detected with SAR and estimate the number of non-broadcasting vessels. We reveal that, between September 2019 and January 2020, non-broadcasting vessels accounted for about 35% of the longline activity north of Madagascar and 10% of activity near French Polynesia and Kiribati's Line Islands. We further demonstrate that this method could monitor half of the global longline activity with about 70 SAR images per week, allowing us to track human activity across the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pete B. Davis
- grid.512016.1Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036 USA
| | | | - Rocío Joo
- grid.512016.1Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036 USA
| | - Brian A. Wong
- grid.512016.1Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036 USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,SkyTruth, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA
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Smith B, Fricker HA, Gardner AS, Medley B, Nilsson J, Paolo FS, Holschuh N, Adusumilli S, Brunt K, Csatho B, Harbeck K, Markus T, Neumann T, Siegfried MR, Zwally HJ. Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes. Science 2020; 368:1239-1242. [PMID: 32354841 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice mass change from 2003 to 2019 using NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and ICESat-2 satellite laser altimetry. Our data reveal patterns likely linked to competing climate processes: Ice loss from coastal Greenland (increased surface melt), Antarctic ice shelves (increased ocean melting), and Greenland and Antarctic outlet glaciers (dynamic response to ocean melting) was partially compensated by mass gains over ice sheet interiors (increased snow accumulation). Losses outpaced gains, with grounded-ice loss from Greenland (200 billion tonnes per year) and Antarctica (118 billion tonnes per year) contributing 14 millimeters to sea level. Mass lost from West Antarctica's ice shelves accounted for more than 30% of that region's total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Smith
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Helen A Fricker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex S Gardner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Medley
- Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Johan Nilsson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Fernando S Paolo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Holschuh
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Geology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Susheel Adusumilli
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Brunt
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bea Csatho
- Department of Geological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Thorsten Markus
- Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Neumann
- Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - H Jay Zwally
- Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.,Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Paolo FS, Padman L, Fricker HA, Adusumilli S, Howard S, Siegfried MR. Response of Pacific-sector Antarctic ice shelves to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Nat Geosci 2018; 11:121-126. [PMID: 29333198 PMCID: PMC5758867 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-017-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Satellite observations over the past two decades have revealed increasing loss of grounded ice in West Antarctica, associated with floating ice shelves that have been thinning. Thinning reduces an ice-shelf's ability to restrain grounded-ice discharge, yet our understanding of the climate processes that drive mass changes is limited. Here, we use ice-shelf height data from four satellite altimeter missions (1994-2017) to show a direct link between ice-shelf-height variability in the Antarctic Pacific sector and changes in regional atmospheric circulation driven by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. This link is strongest from Dotson to Ross ice shelves and weaker elsewhere. During intense El Niño years, height increase by accumulation exceeds the height decrease by basal melting, but net ice-shelf mass declines as basal ice loss exceeds lower-density snow gain. Our results demonstrate a substantial response of Amundsen Sea ice shelves to global and regional climate variability, with rates of change in height and mass on interannual timescales that can be comparable to the longer-term trend, and with mass changes from surface accumulation offsetting a significant fraction of the changes in basal melting. This implies that ice-shelf height and mass variability will increase as interannual atmospheric variability increases in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Paolo
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - L Padman
- Earth & Space Research, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - H A Fricker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - S Adusumilli
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - S Howard
- Earth & Space Research, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - M R Siegfried
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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Sun X, Abshire JB, Borsa AA, Fricker HA, Yi D, DiMarzio JP, Paolo FS, Brunt KM, Harding DJ, Neumann GA. ICESat/GLAS Altimetry Measurements: Received Signal Dynamic Range and Saturation Correction. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 2017; 55:5440-5454. [PMID: 30166745 PMCID: PMC6110114 DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2017.2702126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which operated between 2003 and 2009, made the first satellite-based global lidar measurement of Earth's ice sheet elevations, sea-ice thickness and vegetation canopy structure. The primary instrument on ICESat was the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), which measured the distance from the spacecraft to Earth's surface via the roundtrip travel time of individual laser pulses. GLAS utilized pulsed lasers and a direct detection receiver consisting of a silicon avalanche photodiode (Si APD) and a waveform digitizer. Early in the mission, the peak power of the received signal from snow and ice surfaces was found to span a wider dynamic range than planned, often exceeding the linear dynamic range of the GLAS 1064-nm detector assembly. The resulting saturation of the receiver distorted the recorded signal and resulted in range biases as large as ~50 cm for ice and snow-covered surfaces. We developed a correction for this "saturation range bias" based on laboratory tests using a spare flight detector, and refined the correction by comparing GLAS elevation estimates to those derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys over the calibration site at the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. Applying the saturation correction largely eliminated the range bias due to receiver saturation for affected ICESat measurements over Uyuni and significantly reduced the discrepancies at orbit crossovers located on flat regions of the Antarctic ice sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Solar Exploration Division, National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - James B Abshire
- Solar Exploration Division, National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - Adrian A Borsa
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Helen A Fricker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Donghui Yi
- Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies (SGT) Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA
| | - John P DiMarzio
- Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies (SGT) Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA
| | - Fernando S Paolo
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Kelly M Brunt
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | | | - Gregory A Neumann
- Solar Exploration Division, National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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