Pulsed ultrasound for bone regeneration - outcomes and hurdles in the clinical application: a systematic review

Impaired bone-fracture healing is associated with long-term musculoskeletal disability, pain and psychological distress. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a non-invasive and side-effect-free treatment option for fresh, delayed- and non-union bone fractures, which has been used in patients since the early 1990s. Several clinical studies, however, have questioned the usefulness of the LIPUS treatment for the regeneration of long bones, including those with a compromised healing. This systematic review addresses the hurdles that the clinical application of LIPUS encounters. Low patient compliance might disguise the effects of the LIPUS therapy, as observed in several studies. Furthermore, large discrepancies in results, showing profound LIPUS effects in regeneration of small-animal bones in comparison to the clinical studies, could be caused by the suboptimal parameters of the clinical set-up. This raises the question of whether the so-called "acoustic dose" requires a thorough characterisation to reveal the mechanisms of the therapy. The adequate definition of the acoustic dose is especially important in the elderly population and patients with underlying medical conditions, where distinct biological signatures lead to a delayed regeneration. Non-industry-funded, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of the LIPUS application alone and as an adjuvant treatment for bones with complicated healing, where consistent control of patient compliance is ensured, are required.

Peso al nacimiento de abejas reina de la raza Apis mellifera iberiensis

En el mundo apícola se acepta que la producción de una determinada colonia de abejas se encuentra directamente relacionada con la calidad de la reina. De todas las posibles variables relacionadas con dicha calidad, el peso al nacimiento se considera una de las más útiles. En nuestro trabajo hemos estudiado el efecto de la colonia criadora de la subespecie local de abejas (Apis melífera iberiensis Engel), sobre el peso al nacimiento de las nuevas reinas, y de las celdillas en las que fueron criadas. Para realizar la cría hemos utilizado el método Doolittle; este procedimiento se encuentra ampliamente difundido y es empleado de forma habitual por los productores. Entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 2019 criamos 140 reinas, realizando ocho ciclos de cría y utilizado cuatro colmenas criadoras diferentes. El peso medio de las reinas al nacimiento fue de 194 ± 26 mg (x ± SD), y el de las celdillas de cría 604 ± 125 (x± SD). Los resultados obtenidos no mostraron diferencias significativas entre las colmenas criadoras, para la variable peso de las reinas al nacimiento, pero si para la variable peso de las celdillas reales.

Previously Undetected Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSA) compromises the efficacy of atrial fibrillation (AF) control strategies. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may ameliorate arrhythmia control especially in early AF stages (new-onset AF). We investigated a practical screening strategy to determine the likelihood of CPAP indication in new-onset AF patients. Seventy-seven consecutive patients with new-onset (<1 month) AF were prospectively evaluated. Of them, 4 were excluded due to previously diagnosed OSA. The remaining 73 (68% persistent AF) fulfilled the Epworth, Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires, an ambulatory polysomnography being performed thereafter in all them in order to determine the apnea-hipopnea index (AHI). CPAP was indicated following conventional criteria. The variables associated with the diagnosis of OSA, with the AHI value and with CPAP indication were investigated by means of descriptive, univariate and multivariate analysis. The prevalence of OSA of any degree and CPAP indication was 82% and 37%, respectively. The variables associated (p < 0.05) with a higher AHI were male gender, body mass index, obesity, hypertension, and high-risk scoring at the Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires. In the multivariate analysis, the STOP-BANG scoring proved superior to conventional risk factors and became the only variable predicting CPAP indication (odds ratio 4.5 [1.9 to 10.6]; p = 0.01), an optimized cutoff value of ≥4 being newly established (sensitivity/specificity 76/65%). In conclusion, in patients referred with new-onset AF we documented a high risk of OSA and of need for CPAP. A STOP-BANG scoring of ≥4 in our population was a practical screening alternative to direct polysomnography in this setting.

Contemporary Yield of 24-hour Holter Monitoring: Role of Inter-Atrial Block Recognition

BACKGROUND

The diagnostic yield of 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring (24H) is currently overcome by alternative ECG monitoring techniquesand it needs to be optimized. The recognition of inter-atrial block (IAB) has emerged as a reliable indicator of patients at risk of atrial fibrillation relapses, and its role enhancing the yield of 24H is yet to be determined. We hypothesized that a presumably low yield of 24H may be ameliorated by means of incorporating the assessment for IAB.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 1017 consecutive 24H registers performed in a Multidisciplinary Integrated Health Care Institution, in which a restrictive definition of diagnostic 24H findings was used. A univariate and multivariate regression analysis served to determine the variables associated with a higher 24H's yield, including the requesting medical specialty, type of indication and a number of clinical, echocardiographic and ECG variables, including IAB.

RESULTS

The mean age of our population was 62 ± 17 years (55% males). The majority of 24H were indicated from the Cardiology department (48%). The overall yield was 12.8%, higher for the assessment of the integrity of the electrical conduction system (26.1%) and poorer for the assessment of syncope (3.2%) and cryptogenic stroke (4.6%). The variables associated with higher diagnostic performance were indication from Cardiology (p < 0.001), IAB (p = 0.004), structural heart disease (p = 0.008) and chronic renal failure (p = 0.009). Patients ≤ 50 years old only retrieved a 7% yield. In the multivariate analysis, indication from Cardiology and IAB remained significant predictors of higher 24H's yield. In a secondary analysis including echocardiographic data, only identification of IAB remained statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The recognition of IAB and the type of indication are major determinants of a higher 24H's diagnostic yield and may help to optimize the selection of candidates.

Fiabilidad de los principales métodos de diagnóstico de Varroa destructor en colonias de abejas

El ácaro Varroa destructor es el principal problema de sanidad animal al que se enfrenta nuestra apicultura. La cuantificación de la población de este ácaro es un factor de gran importancia para la inspección veterinaria y los apicultores, además determina la necesidad de realizar o no realizar tratamientos. En este trabajo se evalúan diferentes métodos de diagnóstico: i) ácaros desprendidos con azúcar en polvo o etanol del cuerpo de abejas adultas barridas de cuadros de alimento y cría, ii) ácaros obtenidos de celdillas de cría de abejas obreras y iii) ácaros caídos a los fondos de las colmenas en un período de 4 días. El número de ácaros recogidos de los fondos de las colonias presenta una correlación positiva con el número total de ácaros presentes en las colonias. La cuantificación del número de ácaros presentes en las abejas adultas o en la cría de obrera solo puede ser utilizada de forma indicativa para el diagnóstico. El uso del azúcar en polvo solo desprende un tercio de los ácaros presentes en el cuerpo de las obreras adultas.

Directed flow of charged particles at midrapidity relative to the spectator plane in Pb-Pb collisions at √(s(NN))=2.76 TeV

The directed flow of charged particles at midrapidity is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at √(s(NN))=2.76 TeV relative to the collision symmetry plane defined by the spectator nucleons. A negative slope of the rapidity-odd directed flow component with approximately 3 times smaller magnitude than found at the highest RHIC energy is observed. This suggests a smaller longitudinal tilt of the initial system and disfavors the strong fireball rotation predicted for the LHC energies. The rapidity-even directed flow component is measured for the first time with spectators and found to be independent of pseudorapidity with a sign change at transverse momenta p(T) between 1.2 and 1.7  GeV/c. Combined with the observation of a vanishing rapidity-even p(T) shift along the spectator deflection this is strong evidence for dipolelike initial density fluctuations in the overlap zone of the nuclei. Similar trends in the rapidity-even directed flow and the estimate from two-particle correlations at midrapidity, which is larger by about a factor of 40, indicate a weak correlation between fluctuating participant and spectator symmetry planes. These observations open new possibilities for investigation of the initial conditions in heavy-ion collisions with spectator nucleons.

Charmonium and e+e- pair photoproduction at mid-rapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at [Formula: see text]

The ALICE Collaboration at the LHC has measured the J/ψ and ψ' photoproduction at mid-rapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at [Formula: see text]. The charmonium is identified via its leptonic decay for events where the hadronic activity is required to be minimal. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 23 μb-1. The cross section for coherent and incoherent J/ψ production in the rapidity interval -0.9 Collapse

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Affiliation(s)

The ALICE Collaboration CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
E. Abbas Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, Egypt Fachhochschule Köln, Köln, Germany Department of Physics, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand University of Technology and Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
B. Abelev Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California United States
J. Adam Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
D. Adamová Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
A. M. Adare Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
M. M. Aggarwal Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
G. Aglieri Rinella European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. Agnello Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
A. G. Agocs Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
A. Agostinelli Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
Z. Ahammed Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
N. Ahmad Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
A. Ahmad Masoodi Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
I. Ahmed COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan
S. A. Ahn Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea
S. U. Ahn Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea
I. Aimo Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
M. Ajaz COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan
A. Akindinov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
D. Aleksandrov Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
B. Alessandro Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
D. Alexandre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
A. Alici Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
A. Alkin Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
E. Almaráz Aviña Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
J. Alme Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
T. Alt Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
V. Altini Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
S. Altinpinar Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
I. Altsybeev V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
C. Andrei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
A. Andronic Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
V. Anguelov Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
J. Anielski Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
C. Anson Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio United States
T. Antičić Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
F. Antinori Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
P. Antonioli Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
L. Aphecetche SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
H. Appelshäuser Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
N. Arbor Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
S. Arcelli Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
A. Arend Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
N. Armesto Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
R. Arnaldi Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
T. Aronsson Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
I. C. Arsene Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Arslandok Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Asryan V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
A. Augustinus European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
R. Averbeck Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
T. C. Awes Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee United States
J. Äystö Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
M. D. Azmi Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
M. Bach Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Badalà Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
Y. W. Baek Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
R. Bailhache Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
R. Bala Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
A. Baldisseri Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France
F. Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. Bán Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
R. C. Baral Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India
R. Barbera Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
F. Barile Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
G. G. Barnaföldi Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
L. S. Barnby School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
V. Barret Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
J. Bartke The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
M. Basile Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
N. Bastid Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
S. Basu Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
B. Bathen Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
G. Batigne SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
B. Batyunya Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
P. C. Batzing Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
C. Baumann Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
I. G. Bearden Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
H. Beck Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
N. K. Behera Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
I. Belikov Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France
F. Bellini Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
R. Bellwied University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
E. Belmont-Moreno Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
G. Bencedi Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
S. Beole Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
I. Berceanu National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
A. Bercuci National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
Y. Berdnikov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
D. Berenyi Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
A. A. E. Bergognon SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
R. A. Bertens Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
D. Berzano Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
L. Betev European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
A. Bhasin Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
A. K. Bhati Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
J. Bhom University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
L. Bianchi Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
N. Bianchi Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
C. Bianchin Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
J. Bielčík Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
J. Bielčíková Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
A. Bilandzic Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
S. Bjelogrlic Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
F. Blanco Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
F. Blanco University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
D. Blau Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
C. Blume Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
M. Boccioli European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
S. Böttger Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Bogdanov Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
H. Bøggild Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
M. Bogolyubsky Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
L. Boldizsár Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
M. Bombara Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
J. Book Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
H. Borel Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France
A. Borissov Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
F. Bossú Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
M. Botje Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
E. Botta Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
E. Braidot Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
P. Braun-Munzinger Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Bregant SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
T. Breitner Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
T. A. Broker Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
T. A. Browning Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana United States
M. Broz Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
R. Brun European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
E. Bruna Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
G. E. Bruno Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
D. Budnikov Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
H. Buesching Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
S. Bufalino Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
P. Buncic European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
O. Busch Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Z. Buthelezi Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
D. Caffarri Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
X. Cai Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
H. Caines Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
E. Calvo Villar Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
P. Camerini Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
V. Canoa Roman Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
G. Cara Romeo Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
W. Carena European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
F. Carena European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
N. Carlin Filho Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
F. Carminati European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
A. Casanova Díaz Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
J. Castillo Castellanos Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France
J. F. Castillo Hernandez Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
E. A. R. Casula Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
V. Catanescu National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
C. Cavicchioli European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
C. Ceballos Sanchez Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
J. Cepila Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
P. Cerello Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
B. Chang Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
S. Chapeland European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. L. Charvet Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France
S. Chattopadhyay Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
S. Chattopadhyay Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
M. Cherney Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska United States
C. Cheshkov European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
B. Cheynis Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
V. Chibante Barroso European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
D. D. Chinellato University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
P. Chochula European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. Chojnacki Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
S. Choudhury Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
P. Christakoglou Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
C. H. Christensen Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
P. Christiansen Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
T. Chujo University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
S. U. Chung Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
C. Cicalo Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
L. Cifarelli Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
F. Cindolo Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
J. Cleymans Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
F. Colamaria Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
D. Colella Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
A. Collu Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
G. Conesa Balbastre Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
Z. Conesa del Valle European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
M. E. Connors Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
G. Contin Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
J. G. Contreras Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
T. M. Cormier Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
Y. Corrales Morales Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
P. Cortese Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del Piemonte Orientale and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy
I. Cortés Maldonado Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
M. R. Cosentino Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
F. Costa European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. E. Cotallo Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
E. Crescio Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
P. Crochet Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
E. Cruz Alaniz Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
R. Cruz Albino Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
E. Cuautle Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
L. Cunqueiro Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
A. Dainese Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
R. Dang Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
A. Danu Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
K. Das Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
I. Das Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
S. Das Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
D. Das Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
S. Dash Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
A. Dash Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
S. De Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
G. O. V. de Barros Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
A. De Caro Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
G. de Cataldo Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
J. de Cuveland Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. De Falco Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
D. De Gruttola Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
H. Delagrange SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
A. Deloff National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
N. De Marco Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
E. Dénes Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
S. De Pasquale Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
A. Deppman Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
G. D Erasmo Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
R. de Rooij Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
M. A. Diaz Corchero Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
D. Di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
T. Dietel Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
C. Di Giglio Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
S. Di Liberto Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy
A. Di Mauro European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
P. Di Nezza Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
R. Divià European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
Ø. Djuvsland Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
A. Dobrin Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
T. Dobrowolski National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
B. Dönigus Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
O. Dordic Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
A. K. Dubey Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
A. Dubla Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
L. Ducroux Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
P. Dupieux Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
A. K. Dutta Majumdar Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
D. Elia Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
D. Emschermann Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
H. Engel Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
B. Erazmus European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
H. A. Erdal Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
D. Eschweiler Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
B. Espagnon Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
M. Estienne SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
S. Esumi University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
D. Evans School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
S. Evdokimov Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
G. Eyyubova Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
D. Fabris Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
J. Faivre Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
D. Falchieri Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
A. Fantoni Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
M. Fasel Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
D. Fehlker Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
L. Feldkamp Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
D. Felea Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
A. Feliciello Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
B. Fenton-Olsen Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
G. Feofilov V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
A. Fernández Téllez Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
A. Ferretti Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
A. Festanti Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
J. Figiel The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
M. A. S. Figueredo Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
S. Filchagin Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
D. Finogeev Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
F. M. Fionda Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
E. M. Fiore Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
E. Floratos Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
M. Floris European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
S. Foertsch Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
P. Foka Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
S. Fokin Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
E. Fragiacomo Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
A. Francescon Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
U. Frankenfeld Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
U. Fuchs European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
C. Furget Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
M. Fusco Girard Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
J. J. Gaardhøje Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
M. Gagliardi Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
A. Gago Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
M. Gallio Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
D. R. Gangadharan Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio United States
P. Ganoti Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee United States
C. Garabatos Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
E. Garcia-Solis Chicago State University, Chicago, United States
C. Gargiulo European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
I. Garishvili Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California United States
J. Gerhard Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
M. Germain SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
C. Geuna Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France
M. Gheata European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
A. Gheata European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
B. Ghidini Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
P. Ghosh Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
P. Gianotti Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
P. Giubellino European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
E. Gladysz-Dziadus The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
P. Glässel Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
R. Gomez Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
E. G. Ferreiro Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
L. H. González-Trueba Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
P. González-Zamora Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
S. Gorbunov Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Goswami Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
S. Gotovac Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia
L. K. Graczykowski Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
R. Grajcarek Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
A. Grelli Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
C. Grigoras European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
A. Grigoras European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
V. Grigoriev Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
A. Grigoryan A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
S. Grigoryan Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
B. Grinyov Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
N. Grion Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
P. Gros Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J.-Y. Grossiord Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
R. Grosso European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
F. Guber Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
R. Guernane Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
B. Guerzoni Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
M. Guilbaud Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
K. Gulbrandsen Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
H. Gulkanyan A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
T. Gunji University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
A. Gupta Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
R. Gupta Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
R. Haake Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
Ø. Haaland Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
C. Hadjidakis Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
M. Haiduc Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
H. Hamagaki University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
G. Hamar Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
B. H. Han Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
L. D. Hanratty School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
A. Hansen Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Z. Harmanová-Tóthová Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
J. W. Harris Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
M. Hartig Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Harton Chicago State University, Chicago, United States
D. Hatzifotiadou Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
S. Hayashi University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
A. Hayrapetyan A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
S. T. Heckel Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
M. Heide Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
H. Helstrup Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
A. Herghelegiu National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
G. Herrera Corral Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
N. Herrmann Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
B. A. Hess Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
K. F. Hetland Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
B. Hicks Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
B. Hippolyte Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France
Y. Hori University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
P. Hristov European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
I. Hřivnáčová Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
M. Huang Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
T. J. Humanic Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio United States
D. S. Hwang Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
R. Ichou Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
R. Ilkaev Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
I. Ilkiv National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
M. Inaba University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
E. Incani Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
G. M. Innocenti Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
P. G. Innocenti European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. Ippolitov Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
M. Irfan Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
C. Ivan Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Ivanov Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
A. Ivanov V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
V. Ivanov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
O. Ivanytskyi Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
A. Jachołkowski Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
P. M. Jacobs Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
C. Jahnke Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
H. J. Jang Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea
M. A. Janik Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
P. H. S. Y. Jayarathna University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
S. Jena Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
D. M. Jha Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
R. T. Jimenez Bustamante Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
P. G. Jones School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
H. Jung Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
A. Jusko School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
A. B. Kaidalov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
S. Kalcher Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
P. Kaliňák Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
T. Kalliokoski Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
A. Kalweit European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. H. Kang Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
V. Kaplin Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
S. Kar Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
A. Karasu Uysal European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
O. Karavichev Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
T. Karavicheva Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
E. Karpechev Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
A. Kazantsev Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
U. Kebschull Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
R. Keidel Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Fachhochschule Worms, Worms, Germany
B. Ketzer Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
M. M. Khan Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
P. Khan Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
S. A. Khan Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
K. H. Khan COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan
A. Khanzadeev Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
Y. Kharlov Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
B. Kileng Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
M. Kim Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
T. Kim Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
B. Kim Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
S. Kim Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
M. Kim Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
D. J. Kim Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
J. S. Kim Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
J. H. Kim Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
D. W. Kim Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, South Korea
S. Kirsch Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
I. Kisel Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
S. Kiselev Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
A. Kisiel Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
J. L. Klay California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California United States
J. Klein Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
C. Klein-Bösing Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
M. Kliemant Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Kluge European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. L. Knichel Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
A. G. Knospe Physics Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX United States
M. K. Köhler Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
T. Kollegger Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Kolojvari V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
M. Kompaniets V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
V. Kondratiev V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
N. Kondratyeva Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
A. Konevskikh Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
V. Kovalenko V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
M. Kowalski The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
S. Kox Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
G. Koyithatta Meethaleveedu Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
J. Kral Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
I. Králik Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
F. Kramer Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Kravčáková Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
M. Krelina Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
M. Kretz Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
M. Krivda Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
F. Krizek Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
M. Krus Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
E. Kryshen Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
M. Krzewicki Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
V. Kucera Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
Y. Kucheriaev Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
T. Kugathasan European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
C. Kuhn Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France
P. G. Kuijer Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
I. Kulakov Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
J. Kumar Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
P. Kurashvili National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
A. Kurepin Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
A. B. Kurepin Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
A. Kuryakin Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
V. Kushpil Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
S. Kushpil Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
H. Kvaerno Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
M. J. Kweon Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Y. Kwon Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
P. Ladrón de Guevara Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
C. Lagana Fernandes Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
I. Lakomov Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
R. Langoy Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Vestfold University College, Tonsberg, Norway
S. L. La Pointe Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
C. Lara Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Lardeux SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
P. La Rocca Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
R. Lea Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
M. Lechman European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
S. C. Lee Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
G. R. Lee School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
I. Legrand European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. Lehnert Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
R. C. Lemmon Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
M. Lenhardt Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
V. Lenti Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
H. León Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
M. Leoncino Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
I. León Monzón Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
P. Lévai Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
S. Li Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
J. Lien Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Vestfold University College, Tonsberg, Norway
R. Lietava School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
S. Lindal Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
V. Lindenstruth Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
C. Lippmann European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
M. A. Lisa Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio United States
H. M. Ljunggren Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
D. F. Lodato Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
P. I. Loenne Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
V. R. Loggins Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
V. Loginov Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
D. Lohner Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
C. Loizides Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
K. K. Loo Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
X. Lopez Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
E. López Torres Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
G. Løvhøiden Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
X.-G. Lu Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
P. Luettig Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
M. Lunardon Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
J. Luo Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
G. Luparello Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
C. Luzzi European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
R. Ma Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
K. Ma Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
D. M. Madagodahettige-Don University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
A. Maevskaya Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
M. Mager European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
D. P. Mahapatra Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India
A. Maire Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
M. Malaev Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
I. Maldonado Cervantes Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
L. Malinina Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
D. Mal’Kevich Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
P. Malzacher Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
A. Mamonov Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
L. Manceau Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
L. Mangotra Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
V. Manko Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
F. Manso Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
V. Manzari Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
Y. Mao Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
M. Marchisone Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
J. Mareš Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
G. V. Margagliotti Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
A. Margotti Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
A. Marín Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
C. Markert Physics Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX United States
M. Marquard Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
I. Martashvili University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee United States
N. A. Martin Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
P. Martinengo European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. I. Martínez Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
G. Martínez García SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
Y. Martynov Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
A. Mas SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
S. Masciocchi Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Masera Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
A. Masoni Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
L. Massacrier SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
A. Mastroserio Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
A. Matyja The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
C. Mayer The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
J. Mazer University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee United States
R. Mazumder Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
M. A. Mazzoni Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy
F. Meddi Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ‘La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy
A. Menchaca-Rocha Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
J. Mercado Pérez Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
M. Meres Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Y. Miake University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
K. Mikhaylov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
L. Milano Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. Milosevic Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
A. Mischke Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
A. N. Mishra Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
D. Miśkowiec Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
C. Mitu Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
S. Mizuno University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
J. Mlynarz Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
B. Mohanty National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
L. Molnar Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
L. Montaño Zetina Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
M. Monteno Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
E. Montes Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
T. Moon Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
M. Morando Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
D. A. Moreira De Godoy Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
S. Moretto Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
A. Morreale Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
A. Morsch European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
V. Muccifora Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
E. Mudnic Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia
S. Muhuri Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
M. Mukherjee Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
H. Müller European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. G. Munhoz Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
S. Murray Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
L. Musa European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. Musinsky Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
B. K. Nandi Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
R. Nania Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
E. Nappi Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
C. Nattrass University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee United States
T. K. Nayak Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
S. Nazarenko Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
A. Nedosekin Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
M. Nicassio Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Niculescu European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
B. S. Nielsen Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
T. Niida University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
S. Nikolaev Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
V. Nikolic Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
S. Nikulin Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
V. Nikulin Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
B. S. Nilsen Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska United States
M. S. Nilsson Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
F. Noferini Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
P. Nomokonov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
G. Nooren Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
A. Nyanin Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
A. Nyatha Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
C. Nygaard Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
J. Nystrand Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
A. Ochirov V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
H. Oeschler European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
S. Oh Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
S. K. Oh Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
J. Oleniacz Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
A. C. Oliveira Da Silva Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
J. Onderwaater Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
C. Oppedisano Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
A. Ortiz Velasquez Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
A. Oskarsson Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
P. Ostrowski Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
J. Otwinowski Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
K. Oyama Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
K. Ozawa University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Y. Pachmayer Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
M. Pachr Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
F. Padilla Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
P. Pagano Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
G. Paić Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
F. Painke Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
C. Pajares Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
S. K. Pal Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
A. Palaha School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
A. Palmeri Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
V. Papikyan A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
G. S. Pappalardo Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
W. J. Park Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
A. Passfeld Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
D. I. Patalakha Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
V. Paticchio Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
B. Paul Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
A. Pavlinov Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
T. Pawlak Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
T. Peitzmann Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
H. Pereira Da Costa Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France
E. Pereira De Oliveira Filho Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
D. Peresunko Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
C. E. Pérez Lara Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
D. Perrino Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
W. Peryt Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
A. Pesci Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
Y. Pestov Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
V. Petráček Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
M. Petran Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
M. Petris National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
P. Petrov School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
M. Petrovici National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
C. Petta Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
S. Piano Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
M. Pikna Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
P. Pillot SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
O. Pinazza European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
L. Pinsky University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
N. Pitz Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
D. B. Piyarathna University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
M. Planinic Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
M. Płoskoń Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
J. Pluta Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
T. Pocheptsov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
S. Pochybova Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
P. L. M. Podesta-Lerma Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
M. G. Poghosyan European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
K. Polák Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
B. Polichtchouk Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
N. Poljak Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
A. Pop National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
S. Porteboeuf-Houssais Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
V. Pospíšil Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
B. Potukuchi Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
S. K. Prasad Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
R. Preghenella Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
F. Prino Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
C. A. Pruneau Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
I. Pshenichnov Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
G. Puddu Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
V. Punin Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
J. Putschke Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
H. Qvigstad Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
A. Rachevski Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
A. Rademakers European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
T. S. Räihä Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
J. Rak Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
A. Rakotozafindrabe Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France
L. Ramello Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del Piemonte Orientale and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy
S. Raniwala Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
R. Raniwala Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
S. S. Räsänen Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
B. T. Rascanu Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
D. Rathee Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
W. Rauch European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
A. W. Rauf COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan
V. Razazi Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
K. F. Read University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee United States
J. S. Real Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
K. Redlich National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
R. J. Reed Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
A. Rehman Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
P. Reichelt Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
M. Reicher Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
R. Renfordt Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. R. Reolon Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
A. Reshetin Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
F. Rettig Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
J.-P. Revol European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
K. Reygers Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
L. Riccati Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
R. A. Ricci Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy
T. Richert Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
M. Richter Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
P. Riedler European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
W. Riegler European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
F. Riggi Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
A. Rivetti Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
A. Rodriguez Manso Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
K. Røed Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
E. Rogochaya Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
D. Rohr Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
D. Röhrich Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
R. Romita Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
F. Ronchetti Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Frascati, Italy
P. Rosnet Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
S. Rossegger European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
A. Rossi European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
P. Roy Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
C. Roy Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France
A. J. Rubio Montero Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
R. Rui Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
R. Russo Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
E. Ryabinkin Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
A. Rybicki The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
S. Sadovsky Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
K. Šafařík European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
R. Sahoo Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
P. K. Sahu Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India
J. Saini Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
H. Sakaguchi Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
S. Sakai Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
D. Sakata University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
C. A. Salgado Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
J. Salzwedel Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio United States
S. Sambyal Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
V. Samsonov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
X. Sanchez Castro Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France
L. Šándor Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
A. Sandoval Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
M. Sano University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
G. Santagati Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
R. Santoro Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. Sarkamo Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
D. Sarkar Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
E. Scapparone Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
F. Scarlassara Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
R. P. Scharenberg Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana United States
C. Schiaua National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
R. Schicker Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
H. R. Schmidt Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
C. Schmidt Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
S. Schuchmann Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
J. Schukraft European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
T. Schuster Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
Y. Schutz European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
K. Schwarz Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
K. Schweda Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
G. Scioli Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
E. Scomparin Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
R. Scott University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee United States
P. A. Scott School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
G. Segato Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
I. Selyuzhenkov Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
S. Senyukov Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-IN2P3, Strasbourg, France
J. Seo Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
S. Serci Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
E. Serradilla Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
A. Sevcenco Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
A. Shabetai SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
G. Shabratova Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
R. Shahoyan European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
S. Sharma Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
N. Sharma University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee United States
S. Rohni Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
K. Shigaki Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
K. Shtejer Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
Y. Sibiriak Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
E. Sicking Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
S. Siddhanta Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
T. Siemiarczuk National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
D. Silvermyr Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee United States
C. Silvestre Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
G. Simatovic Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
G. Simonetti European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
R. Singaraju Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
R. Singh Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
S. Singha National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
V. Singhal Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
T. Sinha Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
B. C. Sinha Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
B. Sitar Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
M. Sitta Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del Piemonte Orientale and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Alessandria, Italy
T. B. Skaali Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
K. Skjerdal Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
R. Smakal Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
N. Smirnov Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States
R. J. M. Snellings Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
C. Søgaard Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
R. Soltz Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California United States
M. Song Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
J. Song Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
C. Soos European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
F. Soramel Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
I. Sputowska The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
M. Spyropoulou-Stassinaki Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
B. K. Srivastava Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana United States
J. Stachel Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
I. Stan Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
G. Stefanek National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
M. Steinpreis Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio United States
E. Stenlund Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
G. Steyn Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
J. H. Stiller Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
D. Stocco SUBATECH, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
M. Stolpovskiy Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
P. Strmen Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
A. A. P. Suaide Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
M. A. Subieta Vásquez Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
T. Sugitate Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
C. Suire Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
M. Suleymanov COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan
R. Sultanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
M. Šumbera Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
T. Susa Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
T. J. M. Symons Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
A. Szanto de Toledo Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
I. Szarka Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
A. Szczepankiewicz European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. Szymański Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
J. Takahashi Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
M. A. Tangaro Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
J. D. Tapia Takaki Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
A. Tarantola Peloni Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
A. Tarazona Martinez European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
A. Tauro European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
G. Tejeda Muñoz Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
A. Telesca European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
A. Ter Minasyan Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
C. Terrevoli Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
J. Thäder Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
D. Thomas Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
R. Tieulent Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
A. R. Timmins University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
D. Tlusty Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
A. Toia Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
H. Torii University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
L. Toscano Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
V. Trubnikov Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
D. Truesdale Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio United States
W. H. Trzaska Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
T. Tsuji University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
A. Tumkin Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
R. Turrisi Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
T. S. Tveter Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
J. Ulery Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
K. Ullaland Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
J. Ulrich Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
A. Uras Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
G. M. Urciuoli Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy
G. L. Usai Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
M. Vajzer Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
M. Vala Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
L. Valencia Palomo Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
S. Vallero Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
P. Vande Vyvre European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
J. W. Van Hoorne European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
M. van Leeuwen Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
L. Vannucci Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy
A. Vargas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
R. Varma Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
M. Vasileiou Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
A. Vasiliev Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
V. Vechernin V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
M. Veldhoen Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
M. Venaruzzo Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
E. Vercellin Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
S. Vergara Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
R. Vernet Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, France
M. Verweij Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
L. Vickovic Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia
G. Viesti Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
J. Viinikainen Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) and University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Z. Vilakazi Physics Department, University of Cape Town and iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
O. Villalobos Baillie School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Y. Vinogradov Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
L. Vinogradov V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
A. Vinogradov Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
T. Virgili Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
Y. P. Viyogi Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India
A. Vodopyanov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
M. A. Völkl Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
S. Voloshin Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
K. Voloshin Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
G. Volpe European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
B. von Haller European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
I. Vorobyev V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
D. Vranic European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
J. Vrláková Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
B. Vulpescu Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France
A. Vyushin Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
V. Wagner Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
B. Wagner Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
R. Wan Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
Y. Wang Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
Y. Wang Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
M. Wang Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
K. Watanabe University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
M. Weber University of Houston, Houston, Texas United States
J. P. Wessels European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
U. Westerhoff Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
J. Wiechula Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
J. Wikne Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
M. Wilde Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
G. Wilk National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
M. C. S. Williams Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
B. Windelband Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
C. G. Yaldo Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan United States
Y. Yamaguchi University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
S. Yang Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
P. Yang Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
H. Yang Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, IRFU, Saclay, France Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
S. Yasnopolskiy Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
J. Yi Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
Z. Yin Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
I.-K. Yoo Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
J. Yoon Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
X. Yuan Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
I. Yushmanov Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
V. Zaccolo Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
C. Zach Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
C. Zampolli Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
S. Zaporozhets Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
A. Zarochentsev V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
P. Závada Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
N. Zaviyalov Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
H. Zbroszczyk Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
P. Zelnicek Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
I. S. Zgura Institute of Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
M. Zhalov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
Y. Zhang Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
H. Zhang Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
X. Zhang Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire (LPC), Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS–IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California United States
D. Zhou Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
Y. Zhou Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics and Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
F. Zhou Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
H. Zhu Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
J. Zhu Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
X. Zhu Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
J. Zhu Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
A. Zichichi Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
A. Zimmermann Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
G. Zinovjev Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
Y. Zoccarato Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
M. Zynovyev Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
M. Zyzak Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

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J/ψ elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at √(s(NN))=2.76 TeV

We report on the first measurement of inclusive J/ψ elliptic flow v2 in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at √(s(NN))=2.76 TeV in the rapidity range 2.5<y<4.0. The dependence of the J/ψ v2 on the collision centrality and on the J/ψ transverse momentum is studied in the range 0≤p(T)<10 GeV/c. For semicentral Pb-Pb collisions at √(s(NN))=2.76 TeV, an indication of nonzero v2 is observed with a largest measured value of v2=0.116±0.046(stat)±0.029(syst) for J/ψ in the transverse momentum range 2≤p(T)<4 GeV/c. The elliptic flow measurement complements the previously reported ALICE results on the inclusive J/ψ nuclear modification factor and favors the scenario of a significant fraction of J/ψ production from charm quarks in a deconfined partonic phase.

D meson elliptic flow in noncentral Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=2.76 Tev

Azimuthally anisotropic distributions of D0, D+, and D*+ mesons were studied in the central rapidity region (|y|<0.8) in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy sqrt[sNN]=2.76  TeV per nucleon-nucleon collision, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The second Fourier coefficient v2 (commonly denoted elliptic flow) was measured in the centrality class 30%-50% as a function of the D meson transverse momentum pT, in the range 2-16  GeV/c. The measured v2 of D mesons is comparable in magnitude to that of light-flavor hadrons. It is positive in the range 2<pT<6  GeV/c with 5.7σ significance, based on the combination of statistical and systematic uncertainties.

Measurement of inelastic, single- and double-diffraction cross sections in proton-proton collisions at the LHC with ALICE

Measurements of cross sections of inelastic and diffractive processes in proton-proton collisions at LHC energies were carried out with the ALICE detector. The fractions of diffractive processes in inelastic collisions were determined from a study of gaps in charged particle pseudorapidity distributions: for single diffraction (diffractive mass MX <200 GeV/c2) [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively at centre-of-mass energies [Formula: see text]; for double diffraction (for a pseudorapidity gap Δη>3) σDD/σINEL=0.11±0.03,0.12±0.05, and [Formula: see text], respectively at [Formula: see text]. To measure the inelastic cross section, beam properties were determined with van der Meer scans, and, using a simulation of diffraction adjusted to data, the following values were obtained: [Formula: see text] mb at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text]. The single- and double-diffractive cross sections were calculated combining relative rates of diffraction with inelastic cross sections. The results are compared to previous measurements at proton-antiproton and proton-proton colliders at lower energies, to measurements by other experiments at the LHC, and to theoretical models.

Net-charge fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=2.76 TeV

We report the first measurement of the net-charge fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=2.76  TeV, measured with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The dynamical fluctuations per unit entropy are observed to decrease when going from peripheral to central collisions. An additional reduction in the amount of fluctuations is seen in comparison to the results from lower energies. We examine the dependence of fluctuations on the pseudorapidity interval, which may account for the dilution of fluctuations during the evolution of the system. We find that the fluctuations at the LHC are smaller compared to the measurements at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, and as such, closer to what has been theoretically predicted for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma.

Transverse momentum distribution and nuclear modification factor of charged particles in p+Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 5.02 TeV

The transverse momentum (p(T)) distribution of primary charged particles is measured in minimum bias (non-single-diffractive) p+Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The p(T) spectra measured near central rapidity in the range 0.5<p(T) <20 GeV/c exhibit a weak pseudorapidity dependence. The nuclear modification factor R(pPb) is consistent with unity for p(T) above 2 GeV/c. This measurement indicates that the strong suppression of hadron production at high p(T) observed in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC is not due to an initial-state effect. The measurement is compared to theoretical calculations.

Pseudorapidity density of charged particles in p+Pb collisions at √(s(NN))=5.02 TeV

The charged-particle pseudorapidity density measured over four units of pseudorapidity in nonsingle-diffractive p+Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair √(s(NN))=5.02 TeV is presented. The average value at midrapidity is measured to be 16.81±0.71 (syst), which corresponds to 2.14±0.17 (syst) per participating nucleon, calculated with the Glauber model. This is 16% lower than in nonsingle-diffractive pp collisions interpolated to the same collision energy and 84% higher than in d+Au collisions at s√(s(NN))=0.2 TeV. The measured pseudorapidity density in p+Pb collisions is compared to model predictions and provides new constraints on the description of particle production in high-energy nuclear collisions.

Charge separation relative to the reaction plane in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 2.76 TeV

Measurements of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations with the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported for Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 2.76 TeV. Two- and three-particle charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0.8 are presented as a function of the collision centrality, particle separation in pseudorapidity, and transverse momentum. A clear signal compatible with a charge-dependent separation relative to the reaction plane is observed, which shows little or no collision energy dependence when compared to measurements at RHIC energies. This provides a new insight for understanding the nature of the charge-dependent azimuthal correlations observed at RHIC and LHC energies.

Pion, kaon, and proton production in central Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 2.76 TeV

In this Letter we report the first results on π(±), K(±), p, and p production at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) in central Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 2.76 TeV, measured by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The p(T) distributions and yields are compared to previous results at sqrt[s(NN)] = 200 GeV and expectations from hydrodynamic and thermal models. The spectral shapes indicate a strong increase of the radial flow velocity with sqrt[s(NN)], which in hydrodynamic models is expected as a consequence of the increasing particle density. While the K/π ratio is in line with predictions from the thermal model, the p/π ratio is found to be lower by a factor of about 1.5. This deviation from thermal model expectations is still to be understood.

Measurement of the cross section for electromagnetic dissociation with neutron emission in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 2.76 TeV

The first measurement of neutron emission in electromagnetic dissociation of ^{208}Pb nuclei at the LHC is presented. The measurement is performed using the neutron zero degree calorimeters of the ALICE experiment, which detect neutral particles close to beam rapidity. The measured cross sections of single and mutual electromagnetic dissociation of Pb nuclei at sqrt[s(NN)]=2.76 TeV with neutron emission are σ(singleEMD)=187.4 ± 0.2(stat)(-11.2)(+13.2) (syst) b and σ(mutualEMD) = 5.7 ± 0.1(stat) ± 0.4(syst) b, respectively. The experimental results are compared to the predictions from a relativistic electromagnetic dissociation model.

Production of muons from heavy flavor decays at forward rapidity in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=2.76 TeV

The ALICE Collaboration has measured the inclusive production of muons from heavy-flavor decays at forward rapidity, 2.5<y<4, in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=2.76  TeV. The p(t)-differential inclusive cross section of muons from heavy-flavor decays in pp collisions is compared to perturbative QCD calculations. The nuclear modification factor is studied as a function of p(t) and collision centrality. A weak suppression is measured in peripheral collisions. In the most central collisions, a suppression of a factor of about 3-4 is observed in 6<p(t)<10  GeV/c. The suppression shows no significant p(t) dependence.

J/ψ suppression at forward rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at √s(NN) = 2.76 TeV

The ALICE experiment has measured the inclusive J/ψ production in Pb-Pb collisions at √s(NN) = 2.76 TeV down to zero transverse momentum in the rapidity range 2.5 < y < 4. A suppression of the inclusive J/ψ yield in Pb-Pb is observed with respect to the one measured in pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. The nuclear modification factor, integrated over the 0%-80% most central collisions, is 0.545 ± 0.032(stat) ± 0.083(syst) and does not exhibit a significant dependence on the collision centrality. These features appear significantly different from measurements at lower collision energies. Models including J/ψ production from charm quarks in a deconfined partonic phase can describe our data.

Particle-yield modification in jetlike azimuthal dihadron correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at √s(NN)=2.76 TeV

The yield of charged particles associated with high-p(t) trigger particles (8<p(t)<15 GeV/c) is measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at √s(NN)=2.76 TeV relative to proton-proton collisions at the same energy. The conditional per-trigger yields are extracted from the narrow jetlike correlation peaks in azimuthal dihadron correlations. In the 5% most central collisions, we observe that the yield of associated charged particles with transverse momenta p(t)>3 GeV/c on the away side drops to about 60% of that observed in pp collisions, while on the near side a moderate enhancement of 20%-30% is found.

J/ψ polarization in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

The ALICE Collaboration has studied J/ψ production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV at the LHC through its muon pair decay. The polar and azimuthal angle distributions of the decay muons were measured, and results on the J/ψ polarization parameters λ(θ) and λ(φ) were obtained. The study was performed in the kinematic region 2.5<y<4, 2<p(t)<8 GeV/c, in the helicity and Collins-Soper reference frames. In both frames, the polarization parameters are compatible with zero, within uncertainties.

Higher harmonic anisotropic flow measurements of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s(NN)) = 2.76 TeV

We report on the first measurement of the triangular v3, quadrangular v4, and pentagonal v5 charged particle flow in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s(NN)) = 2.76  TeV measured with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. We show that the triangular flow can be described in terms of the initial spatial anisotropy and its fluctuations, which provides strong constraints on its origin. In the most central events, where the elliptic flow v2 and v3 have similar magnitude, a double peaked structure in the two-particle azimuthal correlations is observed, which is often interpreted as a Mach cone response to fast partons. We show that this structure can be naturally explained from the measured anisotropic flow Fourier coefficients.

Centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 2.76 TeV

The centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=2.76  TeV is presented. The charged-particle density normalized per participating nucleon pair increases by about a factor of 2 from peripheral (70%-80%) to central (0%-5%) collisions. The centrality dependence is found to be similar to that observed at lower collision energies. The data are compared with models based on different mechanisms for particle production in nuclear collisions.

Elliptic flow of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[S(NN)] = 2.76 TeV

We report the first measurement of charged particle elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[S(NN)] =2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) and transverse momentum range 0.2<p t<5.0 GeV/c. The elliptic flow signal v₂, measured using the 4-particle correlation method, averaged over transverse momentum and pseudorapidity is 0.087 ± 0.002(stat) ± 0.003(syst) in the 40%-50% centrality class. The differential elliptic flow v₂ p t reaches a maximum of 0.2 near p t =3 GeV/c. Compared to RHIC Au-Au collisions at sqrt[S(NN)] 200 GeV, the elliptic flow increases by about 30%. Some hydrodynamic model predictions which include viscous corrections are in agreement with the observed increase.

Charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in central Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[S(NN)] = 2.76 TeV

The first measurement of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair √ S NN = 2.76 TeV is presented. For an event sample corresponding to the most central 5% of the hadronic cross section, the pseudorapidity density of primary charged particles at midrapidity is 1584 ± 4(stat) ± 76(syst), which corresponds to 8.3 ± 0.4(syst) per participating nucleon pair. This represents an increase of about a factor 1.9 relative to pp collisions at similar collision energies, and about a factor 2.2 to central Au-Au collisions at √ S NN = 2.76 TeV. This measurement provides the first experimental constraint for models of nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC energies.

Midrapidity antiproton-to-proton ratio in pp collisons at sqrt[s]=0.9 and 7 TeV measured by the ALICE experiment

The ratio of the yields of antiprotons to protons in pp collisions has been measured by the ALICE experiment at sqrt[s]=0.9 and 7 TeV during the initial running periods of the Large Hadron Collider. The measurement covers the transverse momentum interval 0.45<p_{t}<1.05  GeV/c and rapidity |y|<0.5. The ratio is measured to be R_{|y|<0.5}=0.957±0.006(stat)±0.014(syst) at 0.9 TeV and R_{|y|<0.5}=0.991±0.005(stat)±0.014(syst) at 7 TeV and it is independent of both rapidity and transverse momentum. The results are consistent with the conventional model of baryon-number transport and set stringent limits on any additional contributions to baryon-number transfer over very large rapidity intervals in pp collisions.

Trabecular and cortical bone separately assessed at radius with a new ultrasound device, in a young adult population with various physical activities

The aim was to evaluate a new ultrasound device in a young adult population and to assess its reproducibility via comparison to DXA measurements and geometrical measurements from high-resolution radiographs. Ninety-three subjects aged between 20 and 51 years were recruited and divided into four groups according to their gender and physical activity status: 22 male athletes, 19 male controls, 21 female athletes, and 31 female controls. Ultrasonic measurements were assessed by the prototype LD-100 (Oyo Electric Co., Kyoto, Japan) on the dominant distal radius. Attenuation in the radius (dB), cortical bone thickness (mm), radius thickness (mm), mass density of cancellous bone (mg/cm(3)), and elasticity (GPa) of cancellous bone were obtained. BMD was measured by DXA at the dominant distal radius. Radius images were obtained with a direct high-resolution digital X-ray device (BMA, D(3)A Medical Systems), and radius and cortical thicknesses were estimated using a specific software (ImageJ, Bethesda, USA), in an area site-matched with LD-100. There was a significant positive correlation between site-matched BMD measurement and LD-100 parameters (p<0.004), X-ray radius thickness, and LD-100 parameters except elasticity (p<0.05, r>0.32), X-ray cortical thickness and LD-100 attenuation and cortical thickness (p<0.01). A significantly higher attenuation, cortical and radius thicknesses were found in athletes compared to controls (p<0.05). The radius thickness measured on radiographs was significantly higher in athletes versus controls in both sexes, and cortical thickness was significantly higher in male athletes versus controls. These data suggest a positive influence of physical activity on bone cortical measurements. This study also confirmed the particular interest of bone assessment by ultrasound.

Femur ultrasound (FemUS)--first clinical results on hip fracture discrimination and estimation of femoral BMD

SUMMARY

A quantitative ultrasound (QUS) device for measurements at the proximal femur was developed and tested in vivo (Femur Ultrasound Scanner, FemUS). Hip fracture discrimination was as good as for DXA, and a high correlation with hip BMD was achieved. Our results show promise for enhanced QUS-based assessment of osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION

Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the femur is the best predictor of hip fractures, better than DXA measurements at other sites. Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) can be used to estimate the general osteoporotic fracture risk, but no femoral QUS measurement has been introduced yet. We developed a QUS scanner for measurements at the femur (Femur Ultrasound Scanner, FemUS) and tested its in vivo performance.

METHODS

Using the FemUS device, we obtained femoral QUS and DXA on 32 women with recent hip fractures and 30 controls. Fracture discrimination and the correlation with femur bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed.

RESULTS

Hip fracture discrimination using the FemUS device was at least as good as with hip DXA and calcaneal QUS. Significant correlations with total hip bone mineral density were found with a correlation coefficient R (2) up to 0.72 and a residual error of about one half of a T-score in BMD.

CONCLUSIONS

QUS measurements at the proximal femur are feasible and show a good performance for hip fracture discrimination. Given the promising results, this laboratory prototype should be reengineered to a clinical applicable instrument. Our results show promise for further enhancement of QUS-based assessment of osteoporosis.

Comparative ultrasound evaluation of human trabecular bone graft properties after treatment with different sterilization procedures

New sterilization methods for human bone are likely to affect the mechanical properties of human cancellous grafts. These mechanical properties dictate the short- and mid-term results of the orthopedic procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the effects on bone mechanical properties, as assessed by ultrasound velocity, of different sterilization methods used under similar conditions: bleach and sublimation, humid heat, successive baths of physiological saline with osmotic detersion, and CO(2) in the supercritical phase. Alterations in mechanical properties were small with CO(2) (velocity change: -2%) and humid heat (-2.5%). Osmotic detersion had a significant but moderate effect (-4.7%). The -9% change with the protocol involving bleach suggested a greater than 30% decrease in load to failure, based on earlier studies. Gamma irradiation of defatted trabecular allografts, in a dose of 10 or 25 KGy, produced no significant changes in ultrasound velocity. Powerful protein denaturants used in sterilization protocols substantially alter the mechanical resistance of the grafts, which may jeopardize the orthopedic procedure.

Relationship between ultrasonic parameters and apparent trabecular bone elastic modulus: a numerical approach

The physical principles underlying quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements in trabecular bone are not fully understood. The translation of QUS results into bone strength remains elusive. However, ultrasound being mechanical waves, it is likely to assess apparent bone elasticity. The aim of this study is to derive the sensitivity of QUS parameters to variations of apparent bone elasticity, a surrogate for strength. The geometry of 34 human trabecular bone samples cut in the great trochanter was reconstructed using 3-D synchrotron micro-computed tomography. Finite-difference time-domain simulations coupled to 3-D micro-structural models were performed in the three perpendicular directions for each sample and each direction. A voxel-based micro-finite element linear analysis was employed to compute the apparent Young's modulus (E) of each sample for each direction. For the antero-posterior direction, the predictive power of speed of sound and normalized broadband ultrasonic attenuation to assess E was equal to 0.9 and 0.87, respectively, which is better than what is obtained using bone density alone or coupled with micro-architectural parameters and of the same order of what can be achieved with the fabric tensor approach. When the direction of testing is parallel to the main trabecular orientation, the predictive power of QUS parameters decreases and the fabric tensor approach always gives the best results. This decrease can be explained by the presence of two longitudinal wave modes. Our results, which were obtained using two distinct simulation tools applied on the same set of samples, highlight the potential of QUS techniques to assess bone strength.

Velocity dispersion in trabecular bone: influence of multiple scattering and of absorption

Speed of sound measurements are widely used clinically to assess bone strength. Trabecular bone is an attenuating composite material in which negative values of velocity dispersion have been measured, this behavior remaining poorly explained physically. The aim of this work is to describe the ultrasonic propagation in trabecular bone modeled by infinite cylinders immersed in a saturating matrix, and to derive the physical determinants of velocity dispersion. A homogenization model accounting for the coupling of multiple scattering and absorption phenomena allows the computation of phase velocity and of dispersion while varying bone properties. The present model is adapted from the generalized self-consistent method developed in the work of Yang and Mal [(1994). "Multiple-scattering of elastic waves in a fiber-reinforced composite," J. Mech. Phys. Solids 42, 1945-1968]. It predicts negative values of velocity dispersion, in agreement with experimental results obtained in phantoms mimicking trabecular bone. In trabecular bone, mostly negative and also positive values of velocity dispersion are predicted by the model, which span within the range of values measured experimentally. Scattering effects are responsible for the negative values of dispersion, whereas the frequency dependence of the absorption coefficient in bone marrow and/or in the trabeculae results in an increase in dispersion, which may then become positive.

Sensitivity of qus parameters to controlled variations of bone strength assessed with a cellular model

The physical principles underlying quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements are not fully understood yet. Therefore, the translation of QUS results into bone strength remains elusive. In the present study, we derive the sensitivity of broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) to variations of bone strength. For this purpose, a mechanical cellular model is combined to a multiple regression resulting from the analysis of finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. Specifically, we investigate how QUS variables respond to a variation in strength of 10%, realized either by a change in material properties or a change in bone volume fraction (BV/TV). The results show that except when BV/TV is high, the variations of BUA in response to a variation in strength realized by a pure change of BV/TV exceeds the technique imprecision and thus can be detected. When the variation of strength is realized by changes of compressive or shear stiffness, the response in QUS properties is dominated by the variation in C(11), whereas changes in C(44), remaining below the precision error, cannot be detected. The interpretation of these data, however, is not straightforward due to sparse description of elastic properties at the tissue level. To overcome the limitation of the cellular model, more realistic computational models such as micro- finite element analysis have to be considered.

Relationships of trabecular bone structure with quantitative ultrasound parameters: in vitro study on human proximal femur using transmission and backscatter measurements

The present study was designed to assess the relationships between QUS parameters and bone density or microarchitecture on samples of human femoral trabecular bone. The normalized slope of the frequency-dependent attenuation (nBUA), the speed of sound (SOS) and the broadband ultrasound backscatter coefficient (BUB) were measured on 37 specimens of pure trabecular bones removed from upper parts of fresh human femurs. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed using a clinical scanner. Finally, 8 mm diameter cylindrical cores were extracted from the specimens and their microarchitecture was reconstructed after synchrotron radiation microtomography experiments (isotropic resolution of 10 microm). A large number of microarchitectural parameters were computed, describing morphology, connectivity and geometry of the specimens. BMD correlated with all the microarchitectural parameters and the number of significant correlations was found among the architectural parameters themselves. All QUS parameters were significantly correlated to BMD (R=0.83 for nBUA, R=0.81 for SOS and R=0.69 for BUB) and to microarchitectural parameters (R=-0.79 between nBUA and Tb.Sp, R=-0.81 between SOS and Tb.Sp, R=-0.65 between BUB and BS/BV). Using multivariate model, it was found that microstructural parameters adds 10%, 19%, and 4% to the respective BMD alone contribution for the three variables BUA, SOS and BUB. Moreover, the RMSE was reduced by up to 50% for SOS, by up to 21% for nBUA and up to 11% when adding structural variables to BMD in explaining QUS results. Given the sample, which is not osteoporosis-enriched, the added contribution is quite substantial. The variability of SOS was indeed completely explained by a multivariate model including BMD and independent structural parameters (R(2)=0.94). The inverse problem on the data presented here has been addressed using simple and multiple linear regressions. It was shown that the predictions (in terms of R(2) or RMSE) of microarchitectural parameters was not enhanced when combining 2 or 3 QUS in multiple linear regressions compared to the prediction obtained with one QUS parameter alone. The best model was found for the prediction of Tb.Th() from BUA (R(2)=0.58, RMSE=17 microm). Given the high values of RMSE, these linear models appear of limited clinical value, suggesting that appropriate models have to be derived in order to solve the inverse problem. In this regard, a very interesting multivariate model was found for nBUA and BUB with Tb.Th and Tb.N, in agreement with single scattering theories by random medium. However, the source of residual variability of nBUA and BUB (15% and 45% respectively) remained unexplained.

Fast wave ultrasonic propagation in trabecular bone: numerical study of the influence of porosity and structural anisotropy

Our goal is to assess the potential of computational methods as an alternative to analytical models to predict the two longitudinal wave modes observed in cancellous bone and predicted by the Biot theory. A three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain method is coupled with 34 human femoral trabecular microstructures measured using microcomputed tomography. The main trabecular alignment (MTA) and the degree of anisotropy (DA) were assessed for all samples. DA values were comprised between 1.02 and 1.9. The influence of bone volume fraction (BV/TV) between 5% and 25% on the properties of the fast and slow waves was studied using a dedicated image processing algorithm to modify the initial 3D microstructures. A heuristic method was devised to determine when both wave modes are time separated. The simulations (performed in three perpendicular directions) predicted that both waves generally overlap in time for a direction of propagation perpendicular to the MTA. When these directions are parallel, both waves are separated in time for samples with high DA and BV/TV values. A relationship was found between the least bone volume fraction required for the observation of nonoverlapping waves and the degree of anisotropy: The higher the DA, the lower the least BV/TV.

Improvements in mixing operations of water treatment plants by use of a stable finite element model

This work shows improvements made in mixing operations at water treatment plants, as a result of the hydrodynamic analysis of the mixing processes carried out by the use of a Finite Element Model. The code, developed in the Civil Engineering Department of the University of La Coruña, Spain, solves the Navier-Stokes equations that rule viscous incompressible flow by using a Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) stabilization technique. The incorporation of the SUPG formulation leads to obtaining stable solutions for Reynolds numbers of a moderate order in connection with meshes that are not very refined. Some water treatment units present significant deficiencies in their design. The numerical evaluation of the flow avoids the high expenses of the trial-and-error processes involved in installing and removing the mixing mechanisms and those derived from the need to halt the water treatment processes. As a result, an optimum design of the treatment plant is obtained at a low cost.

Effects of gamma irradiation on mechanical properties of defatted trabecular bone allografts assessed by speed-of-sound measurement

New sterilization methods for human bone allografts may lead to alterations in bone mechanical properties, which strongly influence short- and medium-term outcomes. In many sterilization procedures, bone allografts are subjected to gamma irradiation, usually with 25 KGy, after treatment and packaging. We used speed-of-sound (SOS) measurements to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation on bone. All bone specimens were subjected to the same microbial inactivation procedure. They were then separated into three groups, of which one was treated and not irradiated and two were exposed to 10 and 25 KGy of gamma radiation, respectively. SOS was measured using high- and low-frequency ultrasound beams in each orthogonal direction. SOS and Young modulus were altered significantly in the three groups, compared to native untreated bone. Exposure to 10 or 25 KGy had no noticeable effect on the study variables. The impact of irradiation was small compared to the effects of physical or chemical defatting. Reducing the radiation dose used in everyday practice failed to improve graft mechanical properties in this study.

A method for the estimation of femoral bone mineral density from variables of ultrasound transmission through the human femur

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements at peripheral sites can be used to estimate osteoporotic fracture risk. However, measurements at these sites are less suitable to predict bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture risk at the central skeleton. We investigated whether direct QUS measurements at the femur would allow to estimate dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) BMD of the total proximal femur with errors comparable to established DXA accuracy errors. Two independent sets of femora were measured in Kiel (6 f, 4 m, age: 55-90) and Paris (19 f, 20 m age: 45-95) using different benchtop systems in the two laboratories. The femora were scanned in transverse transmission mode using focused US transducers of 500 kHz center frequency. The QUS values were averaged over a region similar to the total hip region of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements. BMD was measured using DXA. SOS and BMD correlated significantly (p<0.0001) in both data sets (R2=0.81-0.93). Correlations between BUA and BMD were also significant at p<0.001, but correlation coefficients were lower (R2=0.61-0.75). Residual errors for the estimation of BMD were 8%-10% for SOS as predictor, and 14%-16% for BUA as predictor. The residual error of 8 to 10% for the estimation of BMD from SOS is comparable to variabilities among different DXA femur subregions and accuracy errors of femoral DXA measurements caused by the impact of soft tissue. It is substantially smaller than the errors of 13% for the estimation of total femur BMD from spine BMD, 14% for the estimation of total femur BMD from calcaneus SOS or 16% for the estimation of ash weight from DXA. The results of the study show that SOS is able to predict total BMD with adequate accuracy. If femoral BMD could be obtained in vivo with comparable accuracy, femoral QUS would be suited for the assessment of bone status at one of the main osteoporotic fracture sites.