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Dard C, Leforestier B, Francisco Hilário F, Traoré MDM, Lespinasse MA, Pérès B, Molina MC, Pereira de Freitas R, Milet A, Maubon D, Wong YS. Crossing of the Cystic Barriers of Toxoplasma gondii by the Fluorescent Coumarin Tetra-Cyclopeptide. Molecules 2021; 26:7506. [PMID: 34946588 PMCID: PMC8708940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
FR235222 is a natural tetra-cyclopeptide with a strong inhibition effect on histone deacetylases, effective on mammalian cells as well as on intracellular apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, in the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages. This molecule is characterized by two parts: the zinc-binding group, responsible for the binding to the histone deacetylase, and the cyclic tetrapeptide moiety, which plays a crucial role in cell permeability. Recently, we have shown that the cyclic tetrapeptide coupled with a fluorescent diethyl-amino-coumarin was able to maintain properties of cellular penetration on human cells. Here, we show that this property can be extended to the crossing of the Toxoplasma gondii cystic cell wall and the cell membrane of the parasite in its bradyzoite form, while maintaining a high efficacy as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. The investigation by molecular modeling allows a better understanding of the penetration mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Dard
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRSINSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; (C.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Baptiste Leforestier
- Team SITH, CNRS UMR 5250, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (B.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Team COMET, CNRS UMR 5063, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (F.F.H.); (M.D.M.T.); (M.-A.L.); (B.P.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Mohamed Dit Mady Traoré
- Team COMET, CNRS UMR 5063, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (F.F.H.); (M.D.M.T.); (M.-A.L.); (B.P.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Marie-Ange Lespinasse
- Team COMET, CNRS UMR 5063, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (F.F.H.); (M.D.M.T.); (M.-A.L.); (B.P.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Basile Pérès
- Team COMET, CNRS UMR 5063, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (F.F.H.); (M.D.M.T.); (M.-A.L.); (B.P.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Marie-Carmen Molina
- Team COMET, CNRS UMR 5063, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (F.F.H.); (M.D.M.T.); (M.-A.L.); (B.P.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Rossimiriam Pereira de Freitas
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Pres Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Anne Milet
- Team SITH, CNRS UMR 5250, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France; (B.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Danièle Maubon
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRSINSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; (C.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Yung-Sing Wong
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Pres Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
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Paez EBA, Curcio S, Neme NP, Matos MJS, Correa RS, Pereira FJ, Hilário FF, Cazati T, Taylor JG. Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of novel and highly fluorescent difluoroboron flavanone β-diketonate complexes. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03525d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A convenient method for the synthesis of flavanone difluoroboron complexes with strong absorption and fluorescence properties is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida Betania Ariza Paez
- Chemistry Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Sergio Curcio
- Physics Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Natália P. Neme
- Physics Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Matheus J. S. Matos
- Physics Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Rodrigo S. Correa
- Chemistry Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Fabio Junio Pereira
- Chemistry Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Chemistry Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Thiago Cazati
- Physics Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
| | - Jason Guy Taylor
- Chemistry Department
- ICEB
- Federal University of Ouro Preto
- Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro
- Ouro Preto-MG
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Ngo TD, Plé S, Thomas A, Barette C, Fortuné A, Bouzidi Y, Fauvarque MO, Pereira de Freitas R, Francisco Hilário F, Attrée I, Wong YS, Faudry E. Chimeric Protein-Protein Interface Inhibitors Allow Efficient Inhibition of Type III Secretion Machinery and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1843-1854. [PMID: 31525902 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen naturally resistant to many common antibiotics and acquires new resistance traits at an alarming pace. Targeting the bacterial virulence factors by an antivirulence strategy, therefore, represents a promising alternative approach besides antibiotic therapy. The Type III secretion system (T3SS) of P. aeruginosa is one of its main virulence factors. It consists of more than 20 proteins building a complex syringe-like machinery enabling the injection of toxin into host cells. Previous works showed that disrupting interactions between components of this machinery efficiently lowers the bacterial virulence. Using automated target-based screening of commercial and in-house libraries of small molecules, we identified compounds inhibiting the protein-protein interaction between PscE and PscG, the two cognate chaperones of the needle subunit PscF of P. aeruginosa T3SS. Two hits were selected and assembled using Split/Mix/Click chemistry to build larger hybrid analogues. Their efficacy and toxicity were evaluated using phenotypic analysis including automated microscopy and image analysis. Two nontoxic hybrid leads specifically inhibited the T3SS and reduced the ex vivo cytotoxicity of bacteria and their virulence in Galleria mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Dung Ngo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, UMR 1036/ERL 5261, 17 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Sophie Plé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire,
UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38000, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, UMR 1036/ERL 5261, 17 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Aline Thomas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire,
UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Caroline Barette
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, IRIG, BGE, Genetics & Chemogenomics, 17 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Antoine Fortuné
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire,
UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Younes Bouzidi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire,
UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Marie-Odile Fauvarque
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, IRIG, BGE, Genetics & Chemogenomics, 17 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Rossimiriam Pereira de Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, UFMG, Av Pres Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Departamento de Química, ICEB, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Ina Attrée
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, UMR 1036/ERL 5261, 17 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Yung-Sing Wong
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire,
UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Eric Faudry
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, UMR 1036/ERL 5261, 17 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
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Francisco Hilário F, Traoré MDM, Zwick V, Berry L, Simões-Pires CA, Cuendet M, Fantozzi N, Pereira de Freitas R, Maynadier M, Wein S, Vial H, Wong YS. Synthesis of an Uncharged Tetra-cyclopeptide Acting as a Transmembrane Carrier: Enhanced Cellular and Nuclear Uptake. Org Lett 2017; 19:612-615. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Departamento de
Química, ICEB, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro
Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Depertamento de
Química, UFMG, Av Pres Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Dit Mady Traoré
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie
Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5250, ICMG FR 2607, 301 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Vincent Zwick
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Berry
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques,
UMR5235, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia A. Simões-Pires
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fantozzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Rossimiriam Pereira de Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Depertamento de
Química, UFMG, Av Pres Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Maynadier
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques,
UMR5235, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Sharon Wein
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques,
UMR5235, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Henri Vial
- Laboratoire
Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques,
UMR5235, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Yung-Sing Wong
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Département de Pharmacochimie
Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5063, ICMG FR 2607, 470 rue de la chimie, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
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Elias PR, Coelho GS, Xavier VF, Sales Junior PA, Romanha AJ, Murta SMF, Carneiro CM, Camilo NS, Hilário FF, Taylor JG. Synthesis of Xylitan Derivatives and Preliminary Evaluation of in Vitro Trypanocidal Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101342. [PMID: 27735872 PMCID: PMC6273285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel xylitan derivatives derived from xylitol were synthesized using operationally simple procedures. A xylitan acetonide was the key intermediate used to prepare benzoate, arylsulfonate esters and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of xylitan. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity against trypomastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite in T. cruzi-infected cell lineages. Benznidazole was used as positive control against T. cruzi and cytotoxicity was determined in mammalian L929 cells. The arylsulfonate xylitan derivative bearing a nitro group displayed the best activity of all the compounds tested, and was slightly more potent than the reference drug benznidazole. The importance of the isopropylidene ketal moiety was established and the greater lipophilicity of these compounds suggests enhancement in cell penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Regina Elias
- Chemistry Department, ICEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gleicekelly Silva Coelho
- Chemistry Department, ICEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Flores Xavier
- Chemistry Department, ICEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, A Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Alvaro José Romanha
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, A Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Claudia Martins Carneiro
- Immunopathology Laboratory, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto-MG, Brazil.
| | - Nilton Soares Camilo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C.P. 6154, CEP. 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Chemistry Department, ICEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jason Guy Taylor
- Chemistry Department, ICEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Traoré M, Mietton F, Maubon D, Peuchmaur M, Francisco Hilário F, Pereira de Freitas R, Bougdour A, Curt A, Maynadier M, Vial H, Pelloux H, Hakimi MA, Wong YS. Flexible Synthesis and Evaluation of Diverse Anti-Apicomplexa Cyclic Peptides. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3655-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4001492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Traoré
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Flore Mietton
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Danièle Maubon
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Marine Peuchmaur
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais,
Brasil
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Bougdour
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Aurélie Curt
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Marjorie Maynadier
- Dynamique
des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier 2,
CNRS UMR 5235, CP 107, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex
5, France
| | - Henri Vial
- Dynamique
des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier 2,
CNRS UMR 5235, CP 107, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex
5, France
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP
217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5163, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Yung-Sing Wong
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS UMR 5063, CNRS ICMG FR 2607, bâtiment André
Rassat, 470 rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Francisco Hilário F, Cristina dos Santos D, Frederic Gil L, Brondi Alves R, Pereira de Freitas R. Synthesis of cis‐3‐methyl‐4‐aminopiperidine Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701865884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane Francisco Hilário
- a Departamento de Química , Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Daniela Cristina dos Santos
- a Departamento de Química , Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Laurent Frederic Gil
- b Departamento de Química, ICEB , UFOP, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Rosemeire Brondi Alves
- a Departamento de Química , Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Rossimiriam Pereira de Freitas
- a Departamento de Química , Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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