1
|
Rudnick JA, Monkkonen T, Mar FA, Barnes JM, Starobinets H, Goldsmith J, Roy S, Bustamante Eguiguren S, Weaver VM, Debnath J. Autophagy in stromal fibroblasts promotes tumor desmoplasia and mammary tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2021; 35:963-975. [PMID: 34168038 PMCID: PMC8247603 DOI: 10.1101/gad.345629.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Rudnick et al. use mouse mammary cancer models and syngeneic transplantation assays to demonstrate that genetic ablation of stromal fibroblast autophagy significantly impedes fundamental elements of the stromal desmoplastic response, including collagen and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, extracellular matrix stiffening, and neoangiogenesis. Their findings suggest the efficacy of autophagy inhibition is shaped by the ability of host stromal fibroblast autophagy to support tumor desmoplasia. Autophagy inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of diverse cancers, largely due to their ability to impede tumor cell survival and metabolic adaptation. More recently, there is growing interest in whether and how modulating autophagy in the host stroma influences tumorigenesis. Fibroblasts play prominent roles in cancer initiation and progression, including depositing type 1 collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components, thereby stiffening the surrounding tissue to enhance tumor cell proliferation and survival, as well as secreting cytokines that modulate angiogenesis and the immune microenvironment. This constellation of phenotypes, pathologically termed desmoplasia, heralds poor prognosis and reduces patient survival. Using mouse mammary cancer models and syngeneic transplantation assays, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of stromal fibroblast autophagy significantly impedes fundamental elements of the stromal desmoplastic response, including collagen and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, extracellular matrix stiffening, and neoangiogenesis. As a result, autophagy in stromal fibroblasts is required for mammary tumor growth in vivo, even when the cancer cells themselves remain autophagy-competent . We propose the efficacy of autophagy inhibition is shaped by this ability of host stromal fibroblast autophagy to support tumor desmoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Rudnick
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Teresa Monkkonen
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Florie A Mar
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - James M Barnes
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Hanna Starobinets
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Srirupa Roy
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Sofía Bustamante Eguiguren
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction plays a complex role in tumorigenesis. While dysfunctional telomeres can block the proliferation of incipient cancer clones by inducing replicative senescence, fusion of dysfunctional telomeres can drive genome instability and oncogenic genomic rearrangements. Therefore, it is important to define the regulatory pathways that guide these opposing effects. Recent work has shown that the autophagy pathway regulates both senescence and genome instability in various contexts. Here, we apply models of acute telomere dysfunction to determine whether autophagy modulates the resulting genome instability and senescence responses. While telomere dysfunction rapidly induces autophagic flux in human fibroblast cell lines, inhibition of the autophagy pathway does not have a significant impact upon the transition to senescence, in contrast to what has previously been reported for oncogene-induced senescence. Our results suggest that this difference may be explained by disparities in the development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. We also show that chromosome fusions induced by telomere dysfunction are comparable in autophagy-proficient and autophagy-deficient cells. Altogether, our results highlight the complexity of the senescence-autophagy interface and indicate that autophagy induction is unlikely to play a significant role in telomere dysfunction-driven senescence and chromosome fusions.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACD/Tpp1, adrenocortical dysplasia homolog (mouse)
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5, ATG7, autophagy-related 7
- B2M, β-2-microglobulin
- HBSS, Hank's buffered salt solution
- HMECs, human mammary epithelial cells
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MT-HsTER, mutant template-Homo sapiens template-containing RNA
- MT-MmTER, mutant template-Mus musculus template-containing RNA
- OIS, oncogene-induced senescence
- RBBP8/CtIP, retinoblastoma binding protein 8
- SA-β-Gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase
- SASP
- SASP, senescence associated secretory phenotype
- TDIS, telomere dysfunction-induced senescence
- TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase
- TIFs, telomere dysfunction-induced foci
- autophagy
- chromosome fusions
- genome instability
- senescence
- telomerase
- telomeres
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florie A Mar
- a Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program ; University of California San Francisco ; San Francisco , CA USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, Lu G, Conley PB, Wiens BL, Mathur VS, Castillo J, Bronson MD, Leeds JM, Mar FA, Gold A, Crowther MA. Andexanet Alfa for the Reversal of Factor Xa Inhibitor Activity. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2413-24. [PMID: 26559317 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1510991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleeding is a complication of treatment with factor Xa inhibitors, but there are no specific agents for the reversal of the effects of these drugs. Andexanet is designed to reverse the anticoagulant effects of factor Xa inhibitors. METHODS Healthy older volunteers were given 5 mg of apixaban twice daily or 20 mg of rivaroxaban daily. For each factor Xa inhibitor, a two-part randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate andexanet administered as a bolus or as a bolus plus a 2-hour infusion. The primary outcome was the mean percent change in anti-factor Xa activity, which is a measure of factor Xa inhibition by the anticoagulant. RESULTS Among the apixaban-treated participants, anti-factor Xa activity was reduced by 94% among those who received an andexanet bolus (24 participants), as compared with 21% among those who received placebo (9 participants) (P<0.001), and unbound apixaban concentration was reduced by 9.3 ng per milliliter versus 1.9 ng per milliliter (P<0.001); thrombin generation was fully restored in 100% versus 11% of the participants (P<0.001) within 2 to 5 minutes. Among the rivaroxaban-treated participants, anti-factor Xa activity was reduced by 92% among those who received an andexanet bolus (27 participants), as compared with 18% among those who received placebo (14 participants) (P<0.001), and unbound rivaroxaban concentration was reduced by 23.4 ng per milliliter versus 4.2 ng per milliliter (P<0.001); thrombin generation was fully restored in 96% versus 7% of the participants (P<0.001). These effects were sustained when andexanet was administered as a bolus plus an infusion. In a subgroup of participants, transient increases in levels of d-dimer and prothrombin fragments 1 and 2 were observed, which resolved within 24 to 72 hours. No serious adverse or thrombotic events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Andexanet reversed the anticoagulant activity of apixaban and rivaroxaban in older healthy participants within minutes after administration and for the duration of infusion, without evidence of clinical toxic effects. (Funded by Portola Pharmaceuticals and others; ANNEXA-A and ANNEXA-R ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02207725 and NCT02220725.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Siegal
- From McMaster University (D.M.S., S.J.C., M.A.C.) and the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C.) - both in Hamilton, ON, Canada; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco (J.T.C., G.L., P.B.C., B.L.W., J.C., M.D.B., J.M.L., F.A.M., A.G.) and Mathur Consulting, Woodside (V.S.M.) - both in California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zowawi HM, Abedalthagafi M, Mar FA, Almalki T, Kutbi AH, Harris-Brown T, Harbarth S, Balkhy HH, Paterson DL, Hasanain RA. The Potential Role of Social Media Platforms in Community Awareness of Antibiotic Use in the Gulf Cooperation Council States: Luxury or Necessity? J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e233. [PMID: 26471079 PMCID: PMC4642378 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious public health issue. Increasing the awareness of the general public about appropriate antibiotic use is a key factor for combating this issue. Several public media campaigns worldwide have been launched; however, such campaigns can be costly and the outcomes are variable and difficult to assess. Social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, are now frequently utilized to address health-related issues. In many geographical locations, such as the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Bahrain), these platforms are becoming increasingly popular. The socioeconomic status of the GCC states and their reliable communication and networking infrastructure has allowed the penetration and scalability of these platforms in the region. This might explain why the Saudi Ministry of Health is using social media platforms alongside various other media platforms in a large-scale public awareness campaign to educate at-risk communities about the recently emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This paper discusses the potential for using social media tools as cost-efficient and mass education platforms to raise awareness of appropriate antibiotic use in the general public and in the medical communities of the Arabian Peninsula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Mamoon Zowawi
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zowawi HM, Malak A, Mar FA, Rihab HH, Turki A, Abdullah HK, Tiffany HB, Stephan H, Balkhy HH, Paterson DL. Social media platforms for raising awareness of appropriate antibiotics use in the Gulf Cooperation Council states. HAMDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.7707/hmj.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|