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Essex RM, Tandon L, Gaffney A, Hexel CR, Bostick DA, Colletti LM, Decker DL, Finstad CC, Giaquinto JM, Lujan E, Partridge JD, Roach BD, Rolinson J, Samperton K, Slemmons AK, Spencer KJ, Stanley FE, Townsend LE, Treinen KC, Williams RW, Worley CG, Xu N. New reference materials for trace-levels of actinide elements in plutonium. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two plutonium oxides were prepared as unique reference materials for measurement of actinide elements present as trace constituents. Each reference material unit is approximately 200 mg of PuO2 powder in a quartz glass bottle. Characterized attributes of the oxides included mass fractions of plutonium, americium, neptunium, and uranium. Isotope-amount ratios were also determined for plutonium and uranium, but neptunium and americium were observed to be monoisotopic 237Np and 241Am. Measurements for characterization and verification of the attributes show that plutonium and trace actinides are homogeneous with the exception of limited heterogeneity for uranium, primarily observed for the 238U isotope. Model purification ages calculated from measured americium and uranium attribute values are consistent with material histories and indicate that these impurities are predominantly due to the decay of plutonium isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Essex
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive , Mail Stop 8462 , Gaithersburg , MD 20899 , USA
| | - Lav Tandon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM 87545 , USA
| | - Amy Gaffney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, L-231 , Livermore , CA 94551-0808 , USA
| | - Cole R. Hexel
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division , 1 Bethel Valley Road , Oak Ridge , TN 37830 , USA
| | - Debbie A. Bostick
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division , 1 Bethel Valley Road , Oak Ridge , TN 37830 , USA
| | | | - Diana L. Decker
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM 87545 , USA
| | | | - Joe M. Giaquinto
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division , 1 Bethel Valley Road , Oak Ridge , TN 37830 , USA
| | - Elmer Lujan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM 87545 , USA
| | - John D. Partridge
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division , 1 Bethel Valley Road , Oak Ridge , TN 37830 , USA
| | - Benjamin D. Roach
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, L-231 , Livermore , CA 94551-0808 , USA
| | - John Rolinson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, L-231 , Livermore , CA 94551-0808 , USA
| | - Kyle Samperton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, L-231 , Livermore , CA 94551-0808 , USA
| | | | | | - Floyd E. Stanley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, L-231 , Livermore , CA 94551-0808 , USA
| | | | - Kerri C. Treinen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, L-231 , Livermore , CA 94551-0808 , USA
| | - Ross W. Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, L-231 , Livermore , CA 94551-0808 , USA
| | | | - Ning Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM 87545 , USA
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2
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DiBlasi NA, Yalçintas E, Stanley FE, Reed DT, Hixon AE. Influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the long-term oxidation state distribution of plutonium. Chemosphere 2021; 274:129741. [PMID: 33545584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spectrophotometry was used to study the effect of EDTA on plutonium oxidation state distribution as a function of time, pH, and ligand-to-metal ratio (L/M) under anoxic conditions. Novel Pu(V)-EDTA absorption bands were identified at 571, 993, 1105, and 1150 nm with molar absorption coefficients of 15 ± 1, 6 ± 1, 10 ± 1, and 10 ± 1 cm-1M-1, respectively. Pu(V)-EDTA spectral changes occurred at L/M < 1, indicating only PuVO2(EDTA)3- formed with logK = 3.6 ± 0.3. Time-resolved experiments showed EDTA drastically increased the Pu(V/VI) reduction rate, which we propose is driven by amine lone-pair electron donation and the oxidative decarboxylation of EDTA. Oxidation of Pu(III)-EDTA to Pu(IV)-EDTA occurred on a slower time scale (110-237 days) than previously reported (<15 min) and is hypothesized to be radiolysis driven. Pu(V/VI)-EDTA and Pu(III)-EDTA both approached Pu(IV)-EDTA stabilization over time, yet Pu(V/VI)-EDTA solubility data was ≥ 1.0 log10 units higher than predicted by Pu(IV)-EDTA solubility models, indicating that current thermodynamic models are incomplete. Ultimately, the data show EDTA preferentially stabilizes Pu(IV) over time regardless of initial oxidation state, but Pu(V)-EDTA can persist under environmentally-relevant conditions, emphasizing the need to continue investigating redox reactions, speciation, and behavior of these complexes to support the transuranic waste disposal and surface remediation/containment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A DiBlasi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 301 Stinson-Remick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Dr., Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA
| | - Ezgi Yalçintas
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Dr., Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA
| | - Floyd E Stanley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Dr., Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA
| | - Donald T Reed
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Dr., Carlsbad, NM, 88220, USA
| | - Amy E Hixon
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 301 Stinson-Remick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Zengotita FE, Emerson HP, Stanley FE, Dittrich TM, Richmann MK, Reed D, Swanson J. Potential for biocolloid transport of cesium at high ionic strength. Chemosphere 2019; 235:1059-1065. [PMID: 31561295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In subsurface repositories, active bacterial populations may directly influence the fate and transport of radionuclides including in salt repository systems like the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, NM. This research quantified the potential for transport and interaction between Chromohalobacter sp. and Cs in a high ionic strength system (2.6 M NaCl) containing natural minerals. Mini-column experiments showed that Chromohalobacter moved nearly un-retarded under these conditions and that there was neither association of Cs with microbes nor dolomite despite changes in bacterial metabolic phases. Growth batch experiments that monitored the potential uptake of Cs into the microbes confirmed results in column experiments where intracellular uptake of Cs by Chromohalobacter was not observed. These results show that Cs may be highly mobile if released in high ionic strength systems and/or carbonate minerals with negligible inhibition by these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Zengotita
- Applied Research Center, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Suite 2100, Miami, FL 32814, USA
| | - H P Emerson
- Applied Research Center, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Suite 2100, Miami, FL 32814, USA; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99353, USA
| | - F E Stanley
- Repository Science and Operations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA
| | - T M Dittrich
- Repository Science and Operations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA; Wayne State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2100 Engineering Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - M K Richmann
- Repository Science and Operations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA
| | - D Reed
- Repository Science and Operations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA
| | - J Swanson
- Repository Science and Operations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA.
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Kristo MJ, Williams R, Gaffney AM, Kayzar-Boggs TM, Schorzman KC, Lagerkvist P, Vesterlund A, Ramebäck H, Nelwamondo AN, Kotze D, Song K, Lim SH, Han SH, Lee CG, Okubo A, Maloubier D, Cardona D, Samuleev P, Dimayuga I, Varga Z, Wallenius M, Mayer K, Loi E, Keegan E, Harrison J, Thiruvoth S, Stanley FE, Spencer KJ, Tandon L. The application of radiochronometry during the 4th collaborative materials exercise of the nuclear forensics international technical working group (ITWG). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stanley FE, Byerly BL, Thomas MR, Spencer KJ. Static, Mixed-Array Total Evaporation for Improved Quantitation of Plutonium Minor Isotopes in Small Samples. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2016; 27:1136-1138. [PMID: 27032649 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Actinide isotope measurements are a critical signature capability in the modern nuclear forensics "toolbox", especially when interrogating anthropogenic constituents in real-world scenarios. Unfortunately, established methodologies, such as traditional total evaporation via thermal ionization mass spectrometry, struggle to confidently measure low abundance isotope ratios (<10(-6)) within already limited quantities of sample. Herein, we investigate the application of static, mixed array total evaporation techniques as a straightforward means of improving plutonium minor isotope measurements, which have been resistant to enhancement in recent years because of elevated radiologic concerns. Results are presented for small sample (~20 ng) applications involving a well-known plutonium isotope reference material, CRM-126a, and compared with traditional total evaporation methods. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Stanley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 30 Bikini Atoll Rd., Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Byerly
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 30 Bikini Atoll Rd., Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mariam R Thomas
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 30 Bikini Atoll Rd., Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Khalil J Spencer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, 30 Bikini Atoll Rd., Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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6
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Goforth SK, Gill TW, Weisbruch AE, Kane-Maguire KA, Helsel ME, Sun KW, Rodgers HD, Stanley FE, Goudy SR, Wheeler SK, Wheeler JF, Kane-Maguire NAP. Synthesis of cis-[Cr(diimine)2(1-methylimidazole)2](3+) Complexes and an Investigation of Their Interaction with Mononucleotides and Polynucleotides. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1516-26. [PMID: 26836266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A protocol is presented for the synthesis of chromium(III) complexes of the type cis-[Cr(diimine)2(1-methylimidazole)2](3+). These compounds exhibit large excited-state oxidizing powers and strong luminescence in solution. Emission is quenched by added guanine, yielding rate constants that track the driving force for guanine oxidation. The cis-[Cr(TMP)(DPPZ)(1-MeImid)2](3+) species binds strongly to duplex DNA with a preference for AT base sites in the minor groove and may serve as a precursor for photoactivated DNA covalent adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Goforth
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Thomas W Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - April E Weisbruch
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | | | - Marian E Helsel
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Katherine W Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Hillary D Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Floyd E Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Samuel R Goudy
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Sandra K Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - John F Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Noel A P Kane-Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
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9
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Stanley FE, Warner AM, Schneiderman E, Stalcup AM. Rapid determination of surfactant critical micelle concentrations using pressure-driven flow with capillary electrophoresis instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8431-4. [PMID: 19836753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a novel, convenient utilization of capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrumentation for the determination of critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). Solution viscosity differences across a range of surfactant concentrations were monitored by hydrodynamically forcing an analyte towards the detector. Upon reaching the surfactant's CMC value, migration times were observed to change drastically. CMC values for four commonly employed anionic surfactants were determined-sodium dodecyl sulfate: 8.1mM; sodium caprylate: 300 mM; sodium decanoate: 86 mM; sodium laurate: 30 mM; and found to be in excellent agreement with values previously reported in the literature. The technique was then applied to the less well-characterized nonionic surfactants poly(oxyethylene) 8 myristyl ether (CMC approximately 9 M), poly(oxyethylene) 8 decyl ether (CMC approximately 0.95 mM) and poly(oxyethylene) 4 lauryl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Stanley FE, Warner AM, Gutierrez SM, Stalcup AM. Heparin-induced circular dichroism of chloroquine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:28-30. [PMID: 19632199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) and UV/Visible absorption (UV/Vis) spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the interaction between heparin and chloroquine, an antimalarial drug that has shown potential as an anti-prion agent. CD spectra of rac-chloroquine upon addition of heparin provide evidence of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding, support recent findings suggesting that interactions between heparin and antimalarial drugs are largely due to electrostatic interactions, and represent the first reported GAG-induced CD signal of a bicyclic, aromatic compound. The association constant ( approximately 10(3)M(-1)) between chloroquine and heparin was calculated from a UV titration curve and provided additional insight into the nature of the association between these two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Stanley
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, OH 45221, USA
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Clark RG, Brenner R, Buehler TM, Chan V, Curson NJ, Dzurak AS, Gauja E, Goan HS, Greentree AD, Hallam T, Hamilton AR, Hollenberg LCL, Jamieson DN, McCallum JC, Milburn GJ, O'Brien JL, Oberbeck L, Pakes CI, Prawer SD, Reilly DJ, Ruess FJ, Schofield SR, Simmons MY, Stanley FE, Starrett RP, Wellard C, Yang C. Progress in silicon-based quantum computing. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2003; 361:1451-1471. [PMID: 12869321 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We review progress at the Australian Centre for Quantum Computer Technology towards the fabrication and demonstration of spin qubits and charge qubits based on phosphorus donor atoms embedded in intrinsic silicon. Fabrication is being pursued via two complementary pathways: a 'top-down' approach for near-term production of few-qubit demonstration devices and a 'bottom-up' approach for large-scale qubit arrays with sub-nanometre precision. The 'top-down' approach employs a low-energy (keV) ion beam to implant the phosphorus atoms. Single-atom control during implantation is achieved by monitoring on-chip detector electrodes, integrated within the device structure. In contrast, the 'bottom-up' approach uses scanning tunnelling microscope lithography and epitaxial silicon overgrowth to construct devices at an atomic scale. In both cases, surface electrodes control the qubit using voltage pulses, and dual single-electron transistors operating near the quantum limit provide fast read-out with spurious-signal rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Clark
- Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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