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Kpemasse A, Dagnon F, Saliou R, Yarou Maye AS, Affoukou CD, Zoulkaneri A, Guézo-Mévo B, Moriarty LF, Ndiaye YD, Garba MN, Deme AB, Ndiaye D, Hounto AO. Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine for the Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Bohicon and Kandi, Republic of Benin, 2018-2019. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:670-676. [PMID: 34255739 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2005, artemether-lumefantrine (AL), an artemisinin-based combination therapy, was introduced as the first-line treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Benin. Per World Health Organization recommendations to monitor the efficacy of antimalarial treatment, we conducted a therapeutic efficacy study with AL for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Bohicon and Kandi, Benin, from 2018 to 2019. Febrile patients aged 6 to 59 months with confirmed P. falciparum monoinfection received supervised doses of AL for 3 days. We monitored patients clinically and parasitologically on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. A molecular analysis to detect mutations in the P. falciparum Kelch propeller gene (Pfk13) gene was carried out on day 0 samples. A total of 205 patients were included in the study. In Bohicon, the uncorrected adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) proportion was 91.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84.6-95.8%), whereas in Kandi this proportion was 96.7% (95% CI: 90.6-99.3%). Genotype-corrected ACPR proportions were 96.3% (95% CI: 90.9-99.0%) and 96.7% (95% CI: 90.6-99.3%) in Bohicon and Kandi, respectively. On day 3, 100% of patients in Bohicon and 98.9% of patients in Kandi had undetectable parasitemia. The C580Y mutation in the Pfk13 gene was not observed. AL remains effective for P. falciparum malaria in these two sites in Benin. Monitoring antimalarial efficacy and prevalence of molecular-resistance markers in Benin should be continued to allow for early detection of antimalarial resistance and to guide treatment policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Kpemasse
- Laboratory Service and Chemo Sensitivity, Benin National Malaria Control Program, Benin
| | - Fortune Dagnon
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development Benin Office, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ramani Saliou
- Laboratory Service and Chemo Sensitivity, Benin National Malaria Control Program, Benin
| | | | | | | | - Blaise Guézo-Mévo
- Bohicon Health Center, Zou Department, Benin Ministry of Health, Benin
| | - Leah F Moriarty
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yaye D Ndiaye
- Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory,t Aristide Hospital DANTEC, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamane Nassirou Garba
- Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory,t Aristide Hospital DANTEC, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa Bineta Deme
- Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory,t Aristide Hospital DANTEC, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory,t Aristide Hospital DANTEC, Dakar, Senegal
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Svigel SS, Adeothy A, Kpemasse A, Houngbo E, Sianou A, Saliou R, Patton ME, Dagnon F, Halsey ES, Tchevoede A, Udhayakumar V, Lucchi NW. Low prevalence of highly sulfadoxine-resistant dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Benin. Malar J 2021; 20:72. [PMID: 33546703 PMCID: PMC7866691 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2004, in response to high levels of treatment failure associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance, Benin changed its first-line malaria treatment from SP to artemisinin-based combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Resistance to SP is conferred by accumulation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in P. falciparum genes involved in folate metabolism, dihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (Pfdhps), targeted by pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, respectively. Because SP is still used for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women (IPTp) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMCP) in Benin, the prevalence of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps SNPs in P. falciparum isolates collected in 2017 were investigated. METHODS This study was carried out in two sites where the transmission of P. falciparum malaria is hyper-endemic: Klouékanmey and Djougou. Blood samples were collected from 178 febrile children 6-59 months old with confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and were genotyped for SNPs associated with SP resistance. RESULTS The Pfdhfr triple mutant IRN (N51I, C59R, and S108N) was the most prevalent (84.6%) haplotype and was commonly found with the Pfdhps single mutant A437G (50.5%) or with the Pfdhps double mutant S436A and A437G (33.7%). The quintuple mutant, Pfdhfr IRN/Pfdhps GE (A437G and K540E), was rarely observed (0.8%). The A581G and A613S mutant alleles were found in 2.6 and 3.9% of isolates, respectively. Six isolates (3.9%) were shown to harbour a mutation at codon I431V, recently identified in West African parasites. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Pfdhfr triple IRN mutants are near fixation in this population and that the highly sulfadoxine-resistant Pfdhps alleles are not widespread in Benin. These data support the continued use of SP for chemoprevention in these study sites, which should be complemented by periodic nationwide molecular surveillance to detect emergence of resistant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaly Souza Svigel
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Adicath Adeothy
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin.,John Snow, Inc. (JSI) , MA, Boston, USA
| | - Augustin Kpemasse
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ernest Houngbo
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Antoine Sianou
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ramani Saliou
- Accelerating the Reduction of Malaria Morbidity and Mortality Project (ARM3), Medical Care Development International, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Monica E Patton
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Fortune Dagnon
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Eric S Halsey
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, GA, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alexis Tchevoede
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Naomi W Lucchi
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Salako AS, Dagnon F, Sovi A, Padonou GG, Aïkpon R, Ahogni I, Syme T, Govoétchan R, Sagbohan H, Sominahouin AA, Akinro B, Iyikirenga L, Agossa F, Akogbeto MC. Efficacy of Actellic 300 CS-based indoor residual spraying on key entomological indicators of malaria transmission in Alibori and Donga, two regions of northern Benin. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:612. [PMID: 31888730 PMCID: PMC6937814 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study shows the results of three years of IRS entomological monitoring (2016, before intervention; 2017 and 2018, after intervention) performed in Alibori and Donga, northern Benin. Methods Mosquito collections were performed on a monthly basis using human landing catches and pyrethrum spray catches in six districts including four treated with Actellic 300 CS (Kandi, Gogounou, Djougou and Copargo) and two untreated (Bembèrèkè and Kouandé) which served as control sites. Key transmission indicators of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) as well as the residual activity of Actellic 300 CS assessed through WHO cone tests, were determined. Results The residual efficacy duration of Actellic 300 CS after the two IRS campaigns (2017 and 2018) was 4–5 months (May–September). The parity rate and the sporozoite index of An. gambiae (s.l.) were 36.62% and 0.71%, respectively, after the first spray round in treated areas compared to 57.24% and 3.7%, respectively, in the control areas (P < 0.0001). The same trend was observed after the second spray round. After the first spray round, each person received 1.6 infective bites/month (ib/m) in the treated areas against 12.11 ib/m in the control areas, resulting in a reduction rate of 86.78%. Similarly, the entomological inoculation rate was 1.5 ib/m after the second spray round in the treated areas vs 9.75 ib/m in the control areas, corresponding to a reduction of 84.61%. A decrease in the parity rate (46.26%), sporozoite index (85.75%) and EIR (87.27%) was observed for An. gambiae (s.l.) after the first round of IRS (June–October 2017) compared to the pre-intervention period (June–October 2016). The density of An. gambiae (s.l.) ranged between 0.38–0.48 per house in treated areas vs 1.53–1.76 An. gambiae (s.l.) per house respectively after the first and second IRS rounds. Conclusions This study showed the positive impact of IRS in reducing key entomological parameters of malaria transmission in Alibori and Donga. However, the considerable blood-feeding rate of An. gambiae (s.l.) in spray areas, stress the need for the population to sleep under long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in addition, to prevent from mosquito bites which did not succeed in resting on sprayed walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Sourou Salako
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Fortune Dagnon
- USA President's Malaria Initiative, USA Agency for International Development, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 123, Parakou, Benin.,Disease Control Department, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Gil Germain Padonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Rock Aïkpon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie et Mathématiques, Abomey, Bénin
| | - Idelphonse Ahogni
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Thomas Syme
- Disease Control Department, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Renaud Govoétchan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 123, Parakou, Benin
| | - Herman Sagbohan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - André Aimé Sominahouin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Fiacre Agossa
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Salako AS, Ahogni I, Aïkpon R, Sidick A, Dagnon F, Sovi A, Sominahouin AA, Agossa F, Iyikirenga L, Akogbeto MC. Insecticide resistance status, frequency of L1014F Kdr and G119S Ace-1 mutations, and expression of detoxification enzymes in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in two regions of northern Benin in preparation for indoor residual spraying. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:618. [PMID: 30509288 PMCID: PMC6278060 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to provide baseline data on the resistance status to insecticides, the frequency of mechanisms involved and the impact of the association with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on resistant Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) populations in two regions of northern Benin, prior to an indoor residual spraying campaign and introduction of next generation long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) incorporating PBO. METHODS Adult Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) originating from larvae collected in two study regions (Alibori within the Kandi-Gogounou-Segbana districts and Donga within the Djougou-Copargo-Ouake districts) were tested with impregnated papers (bendiocarb 0.1%, pirimiphos-methyl 0.25%, permethrin 0.75% and deltamethrin 0.05%). The synergist PBO was used to check for the involvement of detoxification enzymes in pyrethroid resistant populations. Molecular analyses were performed for the identification of species within the Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) complex and kdr L1014F and G119S Ace-1 mutations. Biochemical assays assessed the activity of detoxification enzymes. RESULTS Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was resistant to pyrethroids, with a mortality range of 25-83% with deltamethrin and 6-55% with permethrin. A significant increase in mortality was observed after pre-exposure to PBO for both deltamethrin (63-99%) and permethrin (56-99%). With bendiocarb, An. gambiae (s.l.) were susceptible in Kandi (99% mortality), with possible resistance (92-95%) recorded in Djougou, Copargo, Gogounou, Ouake and Segbana. All study populations were fully susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl. The frequencies of resistant mutations varied according to species and sites: 0.67-0.88 for L1014F kdr and 0-0.06 for G119S Ace-1. Three study locations (Djougou, Gogounou and Kandi) showed high oxidase activity and four sites (Djougou, Ouake, Copargo and Kandi) showed elevated esterase activity. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms resistance to pyrethroids and suggests emerging bendiocarb resistance in An. gambiae (s.l.) populations in northern Benin. However, recovery of susceptibility to pyrethroids after PBO exposure, and susceptibility to organophosphates in the An. gambiae (s.l.) populations indicate that next generation LLINs incorporating PBO synergist combined with an indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign with organophosphate insecticides may be regarded as alternative control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Sourou Salako
- Centre de Recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Idelphonse Ahogni
- Centre de Recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Rock Aïkpon
- Centre de Recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Technologies, Ingénierie et Mathématiques, Université Nationale des Sciences, Abomey, Bénin
| | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Centre de Recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Fortune Dagnon
- US Agency for International Development, US President's Malaria Initiative, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- PMI VectorLink project, Abt associates, Bamako, Mali
| | - André Aimé Sominahouin
- Centre de Recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Fiacre Agossa
- Centre de Recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
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