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Lombardi F, Augello FR, Artone S, Ciafarone A, Topi S, Cifone MG, Cinque B, Palumbo P. Involvement of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Establishing an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Tumorspheres Derived from TMZ-Resistant Glioblastoma Cell Lines and Primary Cultures. Cells 2024; 13:258. [PMID: 38334650 PMCID: PMC10854914 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) strictly associated with therapy resistance. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) fuels GBM proliferation, stemness, and chemoresistance. We previously reported that COX-2 upregulation induced by temozolomide (TMZ) supported chemoresistance. Also, COX-2 transfer by extracellular vesicles released by T98G promoted M2 polarization in macrophages, whereas COX-2 inhibition counteracted these effects. Here, we investigated the COX-2 role in the stemness potential and modulation of the GBM immunosuppressive microenvironment. The presence of macrophages U937 within tumorspheres derived from GBM cell lines and primary cultures exposed to celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) with or without TMZ was studied by confocal microscopy. M2 polarization was analyzed by TGFβ-1 and CD206 levels. Osteopontin (OPN), a crucial player within the TME by driving the macrophages' infiltration, and CD44 expression was assessed by Western blot. TMZ strongly enhanced tumorsphere size and induced the M2 polarization of infiltrating macrophages. In macrophage-infiltrated tumorspheres, TMZ upregulated OPN and CD44 expression. These TMZ effects were counteracted by the concurrent addition of CXB. Remarkably, exogenous prostaglandin-E2 restored OPN and CD44, highlighting the COX-2 pivotal role in the protumor macrophages' state promotion. COX-2 inhibition interfered with TMZ's ability to induce M2-polarization and counteracted the development of an immunosuppressive TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Francesca Rosaria Augello
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Serena Artone
- PhD School in Medicine and Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Alessia Ciafarone
- PhD School in Health & Environmental Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, Aleksandër Xhuvani University, 3001 Elbasan, Albania;
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (B.C.)
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Augello FR, Lombardi F, Artone S, Ciafarone A, Altamura S, Di Marzio L, Cifone MG, Palumbo P, Giuliani M, Cinque B. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an Innovative Polycomponent Formulation on Adult and Aged Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2410. [PMID: 37760851 PMCID: PMC10525616 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is a dynamic process that determines structural alterations in ECM and reduction in dermal fibroblasts. The recent availability on the market of an innovative polycomponent formulation (KARISMA Rh Collagen® FACE, K) containing noncrosslinked high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA), a human recombinant polypeptide of collagen-1 alpha chain, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), attracted our scientific interest in evaluating its biomolecular effects on human dermal adult and aged fibroblasts. After treatment with increasing K concentrations, cell proliferation, collagen I, prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HA1), an essential protein in collagen biosynthesis, and α-SMA levels were assessed. The fibroblast contractility, TGF-β1 levels, and oxidative stress markers were also evaluated. K formulation exposure led to a significant and dose-dependent increase in the proliferation and migration of adult fibroblasts. Of note, the K exposure counteracted the H2O2-induced aging by promoting cell proliferation, reducing β-galactosidase activity, and neutralizing the aging-associated oxidative damage. Moreover, an increase in collagen I, P4HA1, α-SMA, TGF-β1 levels, and improved contractility of adult and aged fibroblasts were observed after treatment. Overall, our results show evidence that the K treatment is efficacious in improving biological functions in adult fibroblasts and suppressing the biomolecular events associated with H2O2-induced cellular aging, thus supporting the regenerative and bio-revitalizing action of the K formulation helpful in preventing or treating skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosaria Augello
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Serena Artone
- PhD School in Medicine and Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciafarone
- PhD School in Health & Environmental Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Serena Altamura
- PhD School in Medicine and Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti—Pescara “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurizio Giuliani
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.A.); (M.G.)
- Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Casa Di Cura Di Lorenzo SrL, Via Vittorio Veneto 37, 67051 Avezzano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.A.); (M.G.)
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Lombardi F, Augello FR, Palumbo P, Bonfili L, Artone S, Altamura S, Sheldon JM, Latella G, Cifone MG, Eleuteri AM, Cinque B. Bacterial Lysate from the Multi-Strain Probiotic SLAB51 Triggers Adaptative Responses to Hypoxia in Human Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cells under Normoxic Conditions and Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098134. [PMID: 37175841 PMCID: PMC10179068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a central player in maintaining gut-microbiota homeostasis, plays a pivotal role in inducing adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia and is negatively regulated by prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2). HIF-1α is stabilized through PI3K/AKT signaling regardless of oxygen levels. Considering the crucial role of the HIF pathway in intestinal mucosal physiology and its relationships with gut microbiota, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of the lysate from the multi-strain probiotic formulation SLAB51 to affect the HIF pathway in a model of in vitro human intestinal epithelium (intestinal epithelial cells, IECs) and to protect from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The exposure of IECs to SLAB51 lysate under normoxic conditions led to a dose-dependent increase in HIF-1α protein levels, which was associated with higher glycolytic metabolism and L-lactate production. Probiotic lysate significantly reduced PHD2 levels and HIF-1α hydroxylation, thus leading to HIF-1α stabilization. The ability of SLAB51 lysate to increase HIF-1α levels was also associated with the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and with the inhibition of NF-κB, nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), and IL-1β increase elicited by LPS treatment. Our results suggest that the probiotic treatment, by stabilizing HIF-1α, can protect from an LPS-induced inflammatory response through a mechanism involving PI3K/AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Serena Artone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Serena Altamura
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jenna Marie Sheldon
- Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314-7796, USA
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Lombardi F, Augello FR, Artone S, Bahiti B, Sheldon JM, Giuliani M, Cifone MG, Palumbo P, Cinque B. Efficacy of probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus in counteracting TGF-β1-induced fibrotic response in normal human dermal fibroblasts. J Inflamm (Lond) 2022; 19:27. [PMID: 36536411 PMCID: PMC9764521 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-022-00324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal and deregulated skin wound healing associated with prolonged inflammation may result in dermal fibrosis. Since the current therapeutic strategies revealed unsatisfactory, the investigation of alternative approaches such as those based on the use of specific probiotic strains could provide promising therapeutic options. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the lysate from S. thermophilus could antagonize the fibrogenic effects of TGF-β1 in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). METHODS NHDF were exposed to TGF-β1 to establish a fibrotic phenotype. Proliferation rate and cell number were measured using the IncuCyte® Live Cell Imager system and the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Phenoconversion markers (α-SMA and fibronectin) and collagen I levels were assessed by western blot and immunofluorescence. The mRNA levels of TGF-β1 were evaluated by RT-PCR. The Smad2/3 phosphorylation level as well as β-catenin and PPARγ expression, were assessed by western blot. The cell contractility function and migration of NHDF were studied using collagen gel retraction assay, and scratch wound healing assay, respectively. The effects of S. thermophilus lysate, alone or combined with TGF-β1, were evaluated on all of the above-listed parameters and markers associated with TGF-β1-induced fibrotic phenotype. RESULTS Exposure to the S. thermophilus lysate significantly reduced the key mediators and events involved in the abnormal activation of myofibroblasts by TGF-β1 within the fibrotic profile. The S. thermophilus treatment significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration, and myo-differentiation. In addition, the treatment with probiotic lysate reduced the α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen-I expression levels, and affected the collagen contraction ability of activated dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, the probiotic targeted the TGF-β1 signaling, reducing Smad2/3 activation, TGF-β1 mRNA level, and β-catenin expression through the upregulation of PPARγ. CONCLUSION This is the first report showing that S. thermophilus lysate had a remarkable anti-fibrotic effect in TGF-β1-activated NHDF by inhibiting Smad signaling. Notably, the probiotic was able to reduce β-catenin and increase PPARγ levels. The findings support our point that S. thermophilus may help prevent or treat hypertrophic scarring and keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosaria Augello
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Serena Artone
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Blerina Bahiti
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Jenna Marie Sheldon
- grid.261241.20000 0001 2168 8324Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL USA
| | - Maurizio Giuliani
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building “Rita Levi Montalcini” (Delta 6), 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Lombardi F, Augello FR, Artone S, Ayroldi E, Giusti I, Dolo V, Cifone MG, Cinque B, Palumbo P. Cyclooxygenase-2 Upregulated by Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Cells Is Shuttled In Extracellular Vesicles Modifying Recipient Cell Phenotype. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933746. [PMID: 35936755 PMCID: PMC9355724 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is frequent in patients with glioblastoma (GBM), a tumor characterized by a marked inflammatory microenvironment. Recently, we reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is upregulated in TMZ-resistant GBM cells treated with high TMZ concentrations. Moreover, COX-2 activity inhibition significantly counteracted TMZ-resistance of GBM cells. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are considered crucial mediators in orchestrating GBM drug resistance by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and affecting the surrounding recipient cell phenotype and behavior. This work aimed to verify whether TMZ, at low and clinically relevant doses (5-20 µM), could induce COX-2 overexpression in GBM cells (T98G and U87MG) and explore if secreted EV shuttled COX-2 to recipient cells. The effect of COX-2 inhibitors (COXIB), Celecoxib (CXB), or NS398, alone or TMZ-combined, was also investigated. Our results indicated that TMZ at clinically relevant doses upregulated COX-2 in GBM cells. COXIB treatment significantly counteracted TMZ-induced COX-2 expression, confirming the crucial role of the COX-2/PGE2 system in TMZ-resistance. The COXIB specificity was verified on U251MG, COX-2 null GBM cells. Western blotting of GBM-EV cells showed the COX-2 presence, with the same intracellular trend, increasing in EV derived from TMZ-treated cells and decreasing in those derived from COXIB+TMZ-treated cells. We then evaluated the effect of EV secreted by TMZ-treated cells on U937 and U251MG, used as recipient cells. In human macrophage cell line U937, the internalization of EV derived by TMZ-T98G cells led to a shift versus a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype. On the other hand, EV from TMZ-T98G induced a significant decrease in TMZ sensitivity in U251MG cells. Overall, our results, in confirming the crucial role played by COX-2 in TMZ-resistance, provide the first evidence of the presence and effective functional transfer of this enzyme through EV derived from GBM cells, with multiple potential consequences at the level of TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Serena Artone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Emira Ayroldi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Benedetta Cinque, ; Paola Palumbo,
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Benedetta Cinque, ; Paola Palumbo,
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Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Augello FR, Giusti I, Dolo V, Leocata P, Cifone MG, Cinque B. Biological effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor NS398 on human glioblastoma cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:167. [PMID: 32435158 PMCID: PMC7222447 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inflammation-associated enzyme, has been implicated in tumorigenesis and progression of glioblastoma (GBM). The poor survival of GBM was mainly associated with the presence of glioma stem cells (GSC) and the markedly inflammatory microenvironment. To further explore the involvement of COX-2 in glioma biology, the effects of NS398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, were evaluated on GSC derived from COX-2 expressing GBM cell lines, i.e., U87MG and T98G, in terms of neurospheres' growth, autophagy, and extracellular vesicle (EV) release. Methods Neurospheres' growth and morphology were evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Autophagy was measured by staining acidic vesicular organelles. Extracellular vesicles (EV), released from neurospheres, were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The autophagic proteins Beclin-1 and LC3B, as well as the EV markers CD63 and CD81, were analyzed by western blotting. The scratch assay test was used to evaluate the NS398 influence on GBM cell migration. Results Both cell lines were strongly influenced by NS398 exposure, as showed by morphological changes, reduced growth rate, and appearance of autophagy. Furthermore, the inhibitor led to a functional change of EV released by neurospheres. Indeed, EV secreted by NS398-treated GSC, but not those from control cells, were able to significantly inhibit adherent U87MG and T98G cell migration and induced autophagy in recipient cells, thus leading to effects quite similar to those directly caused by NS398 in the same cells. Conclusion Despite the intrinsic diversity and individual genetic features of U87MG and T98G, comparable effects were exerted by the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 on both GBM cell lines. Overall, our findings support the crucial role of the inflammatory-associated COX-2/PGE2 system in glioma and glioma stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pietro Leocata
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Lombardi F, Palumbo P, Mattei A, Augello FR, Cifone MG, Giuliani M, Cinque B. Soluble Fraction from Lysates of Selected Probiotic Strains Differently Influences Re-Epithelialization of HaCaT Scratched Monolayer through a Mechanism Involving Nitric Oxide Synthase 2. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120756. [PMID: 31766379 PMCID: PMC6995614 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the use of probiotics in the treatment of several skin conditions, including wounds. Even if in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the pro-healing effects of some probiotic bacteria, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully defined. The current investigation aimed to determine the re-epithelialization potential of the soluble fraction from lysate of seven different probiotic strains belonging to different genera (i.e., Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium) on in vitro physically wounded HaCaT monolayer model. The results suggested that the soluble fraction of S. thermophilus, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus promoted the re-epithelialization of scratched HaCaT monolayers, whereas those from B. longum, B. infantis, and B. breve significantly inhibited the process. On the other hand, L. bulgaricus showed no significant effect on in vitro wound repair. The mechanisms underlying the pro- or anti-healing properties of selected bacterial strains strictly and positively correlated with their ability to modulate nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression and activity. Accordingly, the pre-treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), a specific inhibitor of NOS2 activity, abrogated the pro-healing effects of S. thermophilus, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Antonella Mattei
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesca Rosaria Augello
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurizio Giuliani
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
- Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Casa di Cura “Di Lorenzo” SrL, Via Vittorio Veneto 37, Avezzano, 67051 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0862-433-553
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Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Augello FR, Giusti I, Luzzi S, Dolo V, Cifone MG, Cinque B. NOS2 inhibitor 1400W Induces Autophagic Flux and Influences Extracellular Vesicle Profile in Human Glioblastoma U87MG Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123010. [PMID: 31226744 PMCID: PMC6627770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) as a prognostic factor in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) malignancy is emerging. We analyzed the effect of NOS2 inhibitor 1400W on the autophagic flux and extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion in U87MG glioma cells. The effects of glioma stem cells (GSC)-derived EVs on adherent U87MG were evaluated. Cell proliferation and migration were examined while using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK-8) and scratch wound healing assay. Cell cycle profile and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Autophagy-associated acidic vesicular organelles were detected and quantified by acridine orange staining. The number and size of EVs were assessed by nanoparticle tracking analysis. EV ultrastructure was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). WB was used to analyze protein expression and acid sphingomyelinase was determined through ceramide levels. 1400W induced autophagy and EV secretion in both adherent U87MG and GSCs. EVs secreted by 1400W-treated GSC, but not those from untreated cells, were able to inhibit adherent U87MG cell growth and migration while also inducing a relevant level of autophagy. The hypothesis of NOS2 expression as GBM profile marker or interesting therapeutic target is supported by our findings. Autophagy and EV release following treatment with the NOS2 inhibitor could represent useful elements to better understand the complex biomolecular frame of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rosaria Augello
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Polo Didattico "Cesare Brusotti", Viale Brambilla, 74 - 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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