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Gerin D, Moncini L, Faretra F, Pollastro S, Chimienti N, Simone G, De Miccolis Angelini RM. Characterization of Coniella granati Isolates Causing Pomegranate Decline in Italy. Plant Dis 2024; 108:451-460. [PMID: 37656033 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0925-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Coniella granati, the causal agent of pomegranate crown rot, twig blight, and fruit decay, is an emerging worldwide pathogen with a heavy impact on pomegranate cultivation. In this study, we report the rapid spread of the fungus in Italian pomegranate orchards associated with crown rot symptoms and provide new results on fungal development, baseline sensitivity to different fungicides, and intraspecific variability by analyzing 11 isolates, representative of populations of the pathogen from comparable pomegranate orchards in different regions of Italy. In vitro assays showed that 25 to 30°C was the optimal range for both colony growth and conidial germination, corroborating the results previously obtained for Californian and Greek isolates. According to the baseline sensitivity assay on the response of colony growth and conidial germination to 10 fungicides, fludioxonil, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, and cyprodinil were the most effective. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, carried out using fourteen 10-mer primers, showed very low intraspecific variability (similarity coefficient >0.95), probably as a result of the recent spread of the pathogen in Italy and the uncommon occurrence of the sexual process as a source of genetic variability. In summary, this study provides new knowledge on C. granati that will be helpful for improving pomegranate crown rot management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari and Selge Network, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moncini
- Centro Ricerche Strumenti Biotecnici nel settore Agricolo-forestale (CRISBA), c/o ISIS "Leopoldo II di Lorena" Cittadella dello Studente, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari and Selge Network, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari and Selge Network, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Chimienti
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari and Selge Network, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Simone
- Centro Ricerche Strumenti Biotecnici nel settore Agricolo-forestale (CRISBA), c/o ISIS "Leopoldo II di Lorena" Cittadella dello Studente, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
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Chiaromonte E, Bottalico G, Lanotte P, Campanale A, Montilon V, Morano M, Saponari A, Pirolo CS, Gerin D, Faretra F, Pollastro S, Savino VN. A Large-Scale Validation of an Improved Embryo-Rescue Protocol for the Obtainment of New Table-Grape Seedless Genotypes. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3469. [PMID: 37836209 PMCID: PMC10575281 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The new trends in the consumption of table grapes and the growing interest in the environmental impact of this crop have pushed breeders toward the development of seedless cultivars endowed with resistance, through crossbreeding programs. To obtain seedless grapes, the use of embryo-rescue techniques is fundamental. In this research, a grape embryo-culture protocol was optimized and validated by using 39 cultivars and 41 cross-combinations carried out in the framework of a large private table grape program of the private network Italian Variety Club in the period 2017-2021 evaluating several factors, such as the improvement in embryo formation, germination and growth, and plantlet development. The embryo culture attitude of crosses between different combinations of seedless parents was assessed, and the rates of embryo development from the extracted ovules mostly ranged from 3.5 to 35.5% with 5 out of 43 genotypes outliers. Experiments conducted at different sampling times, in a range of 43-62 days after pollination (DAP), did not show significant differences between the samples analyzed, while the rate of embryos developed with the applied protocol proved its employability on multiple genotypes, although the grapevine genotype significantly influenced the technique efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Chiaromonte
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.C.); (V.M.); (D.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Giovanna Bottalico
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.C.); (V.M.); (D.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Pierfederico Lanotte
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–Support Unit Bari, National Research Council of Italy (NRC), Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonia Campanale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–Support Unit Bari, National Research Council of Italy (NRC), Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Vito Montilon
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.C.); (V.M.); (D.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Massimo Morano
- Italian Variety Club, Via Cisternino, 281 c/o CRSFA Basile Caramia, 70015 Locorotondo, Italy;
| | - Antonia Saponari
- CRSFA—Centro Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura, “Basile Caramia”, Via Cisternino 281, 70010 Locorotondo, Italy; (A.S.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Costantino Silvio Pirolo
- Servizi Avanzati per la Sostenibilità e l’Innovazione nelle Aree Agricole e Rurali Sinagri S.r.l., Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.C.); (V.M.); (D.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.C.); (V.M.); (D.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.C.); (V.M.); (D.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Vito Nicola Savino
- CRSFA—Centro Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura, “Basile Caramia”, Via Cisternino 281, 70010 Locorotondo, Italy; (A.S.); (V.N.S.)
- Servizi Avanzati per la Sostenibilità e l’Innovazione nelle Aree Agricole e Rurali Sinagri S.r.l., Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Raguseo C, Rotolo C, Gerin D, Faretra F, Pollastro S. The Mycovirome in a Worldwide Collection of the Brown Rot Fungus Monilinia fructicola. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050481. [PMID: 35628739 PMCID: PMC9147972 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Monilinia fructicola is responsible for brown rot on stone and pome fruit and causes heavy yield losses both pre- and post-harvest. Several mycoviruses are known to infect fungal plant pathogens. In this study, a metagenomic approach was applied to obtain a comprehensive characterization of the mycovirome in a worldwide collection of 58 M. fructicola strains. Deep sequencing of double-stranded (ds)RNA extracts revealed a great abundance and variety of mycoviruses. A total of 32 phylogenetically distinct positive-sense (+) single-stranded (ss)RNA viruses were identified. They included twelve mitoviruses, one in the proposed family Splipalmiviridae, and twelve botourmiaviruses (phylum Lenarviricota), eleven of which were novel viral species; two hypoviruses, three in the proposed family Fusariviridae, and one barnavirus (phylum Pisuviricota); as well as one novel beny-like virus (phylum Kitrinoviricota), the first one identified in Ascomycetes. A partial sequence of a new putative ssDNA mycovirus related to viruses within the Parvoviridae family was detected in a M. fructicola isolate from Serbia. The availability of genomic sequences of mycoviruses will serve as a solid basis for further research aimed at deepening the knowledge on virus–host and virus–virus interactions and to explore their potential as biocontrol agents against brown rot disease.
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Landi L, Raguseo C, Pollastro S, Faretra F, Romanazzi G. Tracking of Diversity and Evolution in the Brown Rot Fungi Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia fructigena, and Monilinia laxa. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854852. [PMID: 35356516 PMCID: PMC8959702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monilinia species are among the most devastating fungi worldwide as they cause brown rot and blossom blight on fruit trees. To understand the molecular bases of their pathogenic lifestyles, we compared the newly assembled genomes of single strains of Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena and M. laxa, with those of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, as the closest species within Sclerotiniaceae. Phylogenomic analysis of orthologous proteins and syntenic investigation suggest that M. laxa is closer to M. fructigena than M. fructicola, and is closest to the other investigated Sclerotiniaceae species. This indicates that M. laxa was the earliest result of the speciation process. Distinct evolutionary profiles were observed for transposable elements (TEs). M. fructicola and M. laxa showed older bursts of TE insertions, which were affected (mainly in M. fructicola) by repeat-induced point (RIP) mutation gene silencing mechanisms. These suggested frequent occurrence of the sexual process in M. fructicola. More recent TE expansion linked with low RIP action was observed in M. fructigena, with very little in S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The detection of active non-syntenic TEs is indicative of horizontal gene transfer and has resulted in alterations in specific gene functions. Analysis of candidate effectors, biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites and carbohydrate-active enzymes, indicated that Monilinia genus has multiple virulence mechanisms to infect host plants, including toxins, cell-death elicitor, putative virulence factors and cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Some species-specific pathogenic factors might explain differences in terms of host plant and organ preferences between M. fructigena and the other two Monilinia species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Celeste Raguseo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Raguseo C, Gerin D, Pollastro S, Rotolo C, Rotondo PR, Faretra F, De Miccolis Angelini RM. A Duplex-Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Simultaneous Quantitative Detection of Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa on Stone Fruits. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:747560. [PMID: 34912308 PMCID: PMC8667764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.747560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rot, caused by different Monilinia species, is a most economically important disease of pome and stone fruits worldwide. In Europe and in Italy, the quarantine pathogen M. fructicola was recently introduced and rapidly spread and, by competing with the main indigenous species Monilinia fructigena and Monilinia laxa, caused relevant changes in Monilinia populations. As a result, in most areas, the pathogen almost replaced M. fructigena and now coexists with M. laxa. The availability of specific and easy-of-use quantification methods is essential to study the population dynamics, and in this work, a new method for the simultaneous quantification of M. fructicola and M. laxa based on droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) technique was established. Under the optimized reaction conditions, consisting of 250/500 nM of primers/probe sets concentration, 58°C as annealing temperature and 50 PCR cycles, the duplex-ddPCR assay was 200-fold more sensitive than duplex-real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, quantifying < 1 copy μL–1 of target DNA in the PCR mixture. The results obtained with the validation assay performed on apricot and peach fruits, artificially inoculated with conidial suspensions containing different ratios of M. fructicola and M. laxa, showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.98) between the relative quantity of DNA of the two species quantified by ddPCR and qPCR and a more accurate quantification by ddPCR compared to qPCR at higher concentrations of M. fructicola. The herein described method represents a useful tool for the early detection of Monilinia spp. on stone fruits and for the improving knowledge on the epidemiology of brow rot and interactions between the two prevalent Monilinia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Raguseo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Palma Rosa Rotondo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Gerin D, Garrapa F, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F, Pollastro S. Functional Role of Aspergillus carbonariusAcOTAbZIP Gene, a bZIP Transcription Factor within the OTA Gene Cluster. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:111. [PMID: 33540740 PMCID: PMC7913050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is the principal fungal species responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and derived products in the main viticultural regions worldwide. In recent years, co-expressed genes representing a putative-OTA gene cluster were identified, and the deletion of a few of them allowed the partial elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway in the fungus. In the putative OTA-gene cluster is additionally present a bZIP transcription factor (AcOTAbZIP), and with this work, A. carbonarius ΔAcOTAbZIP strains were generated to study its functional role. According to phylogenetic analysis, the gene is conserved in the OTA-producing fungi. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor binding motif (TFBM) homolog, associated with bZIP transcription factors was present in the A. carbonarius OTA-gene cluster no-coding regions. AcOTAbZIP deletion results in the loss of OTA and the intermediates OTB and OTβ. Additionally, in ΔAcOTAbZIP strains, a down-regulation of AcOTApks, AcOTAnrps, AcOTAp450, and AcOTAhal genes was observed compared to wild type (WT). These results provide evidence of the direct involvement of the AcOTAbZIP gene in the OTA biosynthetic pathway by regulating the involved genes. The loss of OTA biosynthesis ability does not affect fungal development as demonstrated by the comparison of ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains in terms of vegetative growth and asexual sporulation on three different media. Finally, no statistically significant differences in virulence were observed among ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains on artificially inoculated grape berries, demonstrating that OTA is not required by A. carbonarius for the pathogenicity process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Garrapa
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Romanazzi G, Pollastro S, Rotolo C, Faretra F, Landi L. New High-Quality Draft Genome of the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia fructicola. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2850-2855. [PMID: 31560373 PMCID: PMC6795239 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rot is a worldwide fungal disease of stone and pome fruit that is caused by several Monilinia species. Among these, Monilinia fructicola can cause severe preharvest and postharvest losses, especially for stone fruit. Here, we present a high-quality draft genome assembly of M. fructicola Mfrc123 strain obtained using both Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies. The genome assembly comprised 20 scaffolds, including 29 telomere sequences at both ends of 10 scaffolds, and at a single end of 9 scaffolds. The total length was 44.05 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 2,592 kb. Annotation of the M. fructicola assembly identified a total of 12,118 genes and 13,749 proteins that were functionally annotated. This newly generated reference genome is expected to significantly contribute to comparative analysis of genome biology and evolution within Monilinia species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy
| | - Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy
| | - Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Gerin D, Nigro F, Faretra F, Pollastro S. Identification of Arthrinium marii as Causal Agent of Olive Tree Dieback in Apulia (Southern Italy). Plant Dis 2020; 104:694-701. [PMID: 31961768 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0569-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L. var. sativa) is one of the most economically important tree crops grown in the Mediterranean basin. Arthrinium Kunze ex Fr. (teleomorph: Apiospora Sacc.) is a widespread fungal genus, and Arthrinium marii Larrondo & Calvo is a ubiquitous species, found in algae, soil, plants, and agricultural communities. A. marii was isolated from olive trees showing dieback from orchards located in Andria and in Fasano, Brindisi (Apulia, southern Italy) and identified based on morphological features and molecular analysis of four genomic regions (ITS, TUB2, TEF1, and LSU). Two-year-old olive plants artificially inoculated with three representative A. marii isolates showed complete dieback within 6 months, and the fungus was reisolated, satisfying Koch's postulates. This is the first report of A. marii causing dieback on olive trees that could represent an important threat for olive cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Franco Nigro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
- Selge Network, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
- Selge Network, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
- Selge Network, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70126, Italy
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Ambrico PF, Šimek M, Rotolo C, Morano M, Minafra A, Ambrico M, Pollastro S, Gerin D, Faretra F, De Miccolis Angelini RM. Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma: a suitable measure against fungal plant pathogens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3673. [PMID: 32111863 PMCID: PMC7048822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases seriously affect agricultural production and the food industry. Crop protection is usually achieved by synthetic fungicides, therefore more sustainable and innovative technologies are increasingly required. The atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma is a novel suitable measure. We report on the effect of plasma treatment on phytopathogenic fungi causing quantitative and qualitative losses of products both in the field and postharvest. We focus our attention on the in vitro direct inhibitory effect of non-contact Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge on conidia germination of Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructicola, Aspergillus carbonarius and Alternaria alternata. A few minutes of treatment was required to completely inactivate the fungi on an artificial medium. Morphological analysis of spores by Scanning Electron Microscopy suggests that the main mechanism is plasma etching due to Reactive Oxygen Species or UV radiation. Spectroscopic analysis of plasma generated in humid air gives the hint that the rotational temperature of gas should not play a relevant role being very close to room temperature. In vivo experiments on artificially inoculated cherry fruits demonstrated that inactivation of fungal spores by the direct inhibitory effect of plasma extend their shelf life. Pre-treatment of fruits before inoculation improve the resistance to infections maybe by activating defense responses in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo F Ambrico
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Plasmi, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Milan Šimek
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Plasma Physics v.v.i., Department of Pulse Plasma Systems, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ALDO MORO, via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Morano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ALDO MORO, via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelantonio Minafra
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna Ambrico
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Plasmi, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ALDO MORO, via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ALDO MORO, via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ALDO MORO, via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Rita M De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ALDO MORO, via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Landi L, Pollastro S, Rotolo C, Romanazzi G, Faretra F, De Miccolis Angelini RM. Draft Genomic Resources for the Brown Rot Fungal Pathogen Monilinia laxa. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:145-148. [PMID: 31687915 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-19-0225-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Monilinia laxa is the causal agent of brown rot on stone fruit, and it can cause heavy yield losses during field production and postharvest storage. This article reports the draft genome assembly of the M. laxa Mlax316 strain, obtained using a hybrid genome assembly with both Illumina short-reads and PacBio long-reads sequencing technologies. The complete draft genome consists of 49 scaffolds with total size of 42.81 Mb, and scaffold N50 of 2,449.4 kb. Annotation of the M. laxa assembly identified 11,163 genes and 12,424 proteins which were functionally annotated. This new genome draft improves current genomic resources available for M. laxa and represents a useful tool for further research into its interactions with host plants and into evolution in the Monilinia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
- SELGE Network, Via G. Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
- SELGE Network, Via G. Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
- SELGE Network, Via G. Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Gerin D, Cariddi C, de Miccolis Angelini RM, Rotolo C, Dongiovanni C, Faretra F, Pollastro S. First Report of Pseudomonas Grapevine Bunch Rot Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Plant Dis 2019; 103:1954-1960. [PMID: 31169085 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-18-1992-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a Gammaproteobacterium belonging to genomospecies 2 within the P. syringae complex, is distributed worldwide, and it is responsible for bacterial canker on >100 different hosts, including the grapevine. P. syringae pv. syringae induces necrotic lesions in the leaf blades, veins, petioles, shoots, rachis, and tendrils on grapevine cultivars in different areas. P. syringae pv. syringae has been associated with severe economic losses in different grape cultivars in Australia, where it causes inflorescence rot. In midsummer to late summer 2017, symptoms of berry rots differing from those caused by the common berry rots agents were observed in different cultivar Red Globe vineyards of Apulia (southern Italy). As proven by fulfillment of Koch's postulates, these symptoms were caused by a bacterium that, according to the results of biochemical, physiological, nutritional, antimicrobial activity, and pathogenicity tests and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA, gyrB, rpoB, and rpoD genes, was identified as P. syringae pv. syringae. This is the first report of Pseudomonas grapevine bunch rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerin
- 1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Cariddi
- 1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R M de Miccolis Angelini
- 1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- 2Selge Network, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Rotolo
- 1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Dongiovanni
- 3Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura "Basile Caramia," 70010 Locorotondo, Italy
| | - F Faretra
- 1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- 2Selge Network, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S Pollastro
- 1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- 2Selge Network, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Rotolo C, Gerin D, Abate D, Pollastro S, Faretra F. Global transcriptome analysis and differentially expressed genes in grapevine after application of the yeast-derived defense inducer cerevisane. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:2020-2033. [PMID: 30610743 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerevisane, made up of cell wall derivatives from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain LAS117, is proposed as a resistance inducer in plants. The mode of action of cerevisane was investigated through transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) carried out on leaves of potted vines cv. Italia grown in the greenhouse and sprayed at 1-week intervals with cerevisane. Analyses were performed at three time points after one and three sprays as well as on vines challenged with artificial inoculation with Plasmopara viticola, Erysiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea. RESULTS Cerevisane proved effective against downy mildew and caused an increase in expression levels of several genes related to defense responses to fungal pathogens and other stresses and down-regulation of genes involved in several processes related to plant growth and development. Up-regulated genes included genes encoding (i) enzymes involved in hormone metabolism (i.e. salicylic acid, jasmonate, ethylene) and related plant responses, (ii) defense compounds (i.e. pathogenesis-related proteins, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, stilbene synthases, lipoxygenase, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases, non-specific plant lipid transfer proteins, serine-threonine protein kinases involved in signal transduction, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase involved in response to oxidative stress), (iii) secondary metabolites (i.e. phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, lignin), and (iv) photosynthetic processes (light harvesting chlorophyll A/B-binding proteins and components of the photosystems). CONCLUSION Cerevisane can be a useful tool in protection schedules against downy mildew on grapevine aimed at reducing the usage of synthetic fungicides and preventing fungicide resistance. The results provide the first basic knowledge on the mode of action of yeast-derived elicitors effective against P. viticola on grapevine. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Abate
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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Abate D, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Rotolo C, Pollastro S, Faretra F. Mating System in the Brown Rot Pathogens Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena. Phytopathology 2018; 108:1315-1325. [PMID: 29767553 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-18-0074-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena are the most important pathogens responsible for brown rot disease of stone and pome fruits. Information on their mating system and sexual behavior is scant. A mating-type-specific PCR-based assay was developed and applied to 155 Monilinia isolates from 10 countries and 10 different host plants. We showed that single isolates carry only one of two opposite idiomorphs at the MAT1 locus consistent with a heterothallic mating system for all three species. MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating types were detected in similar proportions in samples of isolates of each species and hence there do not appear to be genetic obstacles to the occurrence of sexual reproduction in their populations. Inter simple sequence repeat markers suggested that asexual reproduction is prevalent, but that sexual recombination occurs in M. fructicola populations in Italy. The genetic architectures of the MAT1 loci of the three pathogens were analyzed. MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs are flanked upstream and downstream by the APN2 and SLA2 genes and resemble those of Botrytis cinerea and other heterothallic fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae. Each idiomorph contains a specific couple of genes, MAT1-1-1 (with alpha-box domain) and MAT1-1-5 in MAT1-1, and MAT1-2-1 (with HMG-box domain) and MAT1-2-10 in MAT1-2. Small gene fragments (dMAT1-1-1 and dMAT1-2-1) from the opposite idiomorph were detected close to their flanking regions. Constitutive expression of the four MAT1 genes during vegetative growth was ascertained by transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq). Antisense transcription of the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes and intergenic transcribed regions of the MAT1 locus were detected. These results represent new insights into the mating systems of these three economically-important pathogens which could contribute to improve the knowledge on their population biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Abate
- First, second, third, fourth, an fifth authors: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and second, fourth, and firth authors: SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rita M De Miccolis Angelini
- First, second, third, fourth, an fifth authors: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and second, fourth, and firth authors: SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Rotolo
- First, second, third, fourth, an fifth authors: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and second, fourth, and firth authors: SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- First, second, third, fourth, an fifth authors: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and second, fourth, and firth authors: SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- First, second, third, fourth, an fifth authors: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; and second, fourth, and firth authors: SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Landi L, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Pollastro S, Abate D, Faretra F, Romanazzi G. Genome sequence of the brown rot fungal pathogen Monilinia fructigena. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:758. [PMID: 30352625 PMCID: PMC6199720 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monilinia fructigena (phylum Ascomycota, family Sclerotiniaceae) is a plant pathogen that causes brown rot and blossom blight in pome fruit and stone fruit of the Rosaceae family, which can cause significant losses in the field and mainly postharvest. The aim of this study was to create a high-quality draft of the M. fructigena genome assembly and annotation that provides better understanding of the epidemiology of the pathogen and its interactions with the host(s) and will thus improve brown rot management. DATA DESCRIPTION We report here on the genome sequence of M. fructigena strain Mfrg269 that was collected from plum in southern Italy. This is assembled into 131 scaffolds, with a total size of 43.125 Mb, with 9960 unique protein-coding genes. The novel genomic resources allow improved genomic comparisons among the most important pathogens belonging to the Monilinia genus, with the aim being to improve the knowledge of their plant-pathogen interactions, population biology, and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rita M De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Abate
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Abate D, Pastore C, Gerin D, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Rotolo C, Pollastro S, Faretra F. Characterization of Monilinia spp. Populations on Stone Fruit in South Italy. Plant Dis 2018; 102:1708-1717. [PMID: 30125154 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-17-1314-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monilinia spp. are responsible for brown rot decay of stone and pome fruit in the field as well as in postharvest. Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena are considered indigenous to Europe, while M. fructicola is a quarantine pathogen in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization area included in the A2 List. In Italy, it was first reported in 2009 in Piedmont (northern Italy) and rapidly spread to central Italy. We carried out a monitoring program on the occurrence of Monilinia spp. in southern Italy and a comparative characterization of the three main fungal pathogens. Molecular assays based on direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR for molecular identification of Monilinia spp. from rotted fruit were set up, validated, and applied in a monitoring program. Of the tested 519 isolates from 26 orchards, 388 (74.8%) were identified as M. fructicola, 118 (22.7%) as M. laxa, 10 (1.9%) as M. fructigena, and 3 (0.6%) were M. polystroma. M. fructicola colonies grew faster and had a higher optimal temperature for growth (26°C) than M. laxa (23°C) and M. fructigena (20°C). No relevant difference in virulence could be observed on artificially inoculated apricot, cherry, and peach fruit. The fungal species showed different responses to fungicides, because M. fructicola was more sensitive than M. laxa, especially to cyflufenamid, and M. fructigena revealed a lower sensitivity to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (boscalid, fluopyram, and fluxapyroxad) and quinone outside inhibitors (mandestrobin). In summary, the two species M. fructicola and M. polystroma were first detected in southern Italy where M. fructicola has largely displaced the two indigenous pathogens M. laxa and M. fructigena; the relative proportions of the three pathogens in orchards should be considered when defining the management of brown rot of stone fruit due to differences in their responses to fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abate
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Pastore
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R M De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Gerin D, Pollastro S, Raguseo C, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F. A Ready-to-Use Single- and Duplex-TaqMan-qPCR Assay to Detect and Quantify the Biocontrol Agents Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma gamsii. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2073. [PMID: 30233545 PMCID: PMC6127317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma asperellum strain icc012 and Trichoderma gamsii strain icc080, the microbial active ingredients of RemedierTM (ISAGRO, Novara, Italy), are biocontrol agents (BCAs) employable for crop protection against a wide range of fungal pathogens, including soil-borne pathogens and fungi involved in grapevine trunk disease. In this study, single and duplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods to detect and quantify T. asperellum and T. gamsii were developed. Primers/probe sets were designed on the T. asperellum and T. gamsii rpb2 genes and tested for specificity on a panel of microorganisms commonly associated with grape wood and soil. No differences were observed comparing single- and duplex-qPCR assays on different BCAs, 1 pg of target DNA was detected approximately at Cq = 34. R2-values and the efficiency were always equal to 0.99 and >80%, respectively. The detection limit of the duplex-qPCR assay on artificially inoculated samples was 2 × 103 and 4 × 104 conidia g-1 of grape wood tissue and soil, respectively. The methods will be useful to better schedule BCA application in the field and in grapevine nurseries, as well as for investigating the dynamic of BCA populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Public Laboratory of Research SELGE Network No. 14, Bari, Italy
| | - Celeste Raguseo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rita M. De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Public Laboratory of Research SELGE Network No. 14, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Public Laboratory of Research SELGE Network No. 14, Bari, Italy
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Abate D, Rotolo C, Gerin D, Pollastro S, Faretra F. De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analysis of Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena, the causal agents of brown rot on stone fruits. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:436. [PMID: 29866047 PMCID: PMC5987419 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown rots are important fungal diseases of stone and pome fruits. They are caused by several Monilinia species but M. fructicola, M. laxa and M. fructigena are the most common all over the world. Although they have been intensively studied, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data in public databases is still scant. We sequenced, assembled and annotated the transcriptomes of the three pathogens using mRNA from germinating conidia and actively growing mycelia of two isolates of opposite mating types per each species for comparative transcriptome analyses. RESULTS Illumina sequencing was used to generate about 70 million of paired-end reads per species, that were de novo assembled in 33,861 contigs for M. fructicola, 31,103 for M. laxa and 28,890 for M. fructigena. Approximately, 50% of the assembled contigs had significant hits when blasted against the NCBI non-redundant protein database and top-hits results were represented by Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia borealis proteins. More than 90% of the obtained sequences were complete, the percentage of duplications was always less than 14% and fragmented and missing transcripts less than 5%. Orthologous transcripts were identified by tBLASTn analysis using the B. cinerea proteome as reference. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed 65 transcripts over-expressed (FC ≥ 8 and FDR ≤ 0.05) or unique in M. fructicola, 30 in M. laxa and 31 in M. fructigena. Transcripts were involved in processes affecting fungal development, diversity and host-pathogen interactions, such as plant cell wall-degrading and detoxifying enzymes, zinc finger transcription factors, MFS transporters, cell surface proteins, key enzymes in biosynthesis and metabolism of antibiotics and toxins, and transposable elements. CONCLUSIONS This is the first large-scale reconstruction and annotation of the complete transcriptomes of M. fructicola, M. laxa and M. fructigena and the first comparative transcriptome analysis among the three pathogens revealing differentially expressed genes with potential important roles in metabolic and physiological processes related to fungal morphogenesis and development, diversity and pathogenesis which need further investigations. We believe that the data obtained represent a cornerstone for research aimed at improving knowledge on the population biology, physiology and plant-pathogen interactions of these important phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M. De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences - Plant Pathology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Abate
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences - Plant Pathology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences - Plant Pathology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences - Plant Pathology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences - Plant Pathology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences - Plant Pathology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Gerin D, González-Candelas L, Ballester AR, Pollastro S, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F. Functional Characterization of the alb1 Orthologue Gene in the Ochratoxigenic Fungus Aspergillus carbonarius (AC49 strain). Toxins (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29534508 PMCID: PMC5869408 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius, belonging to the group Nigri, is the main species responsible for contamination by ochratoxin A (OTA) in grapes and derivative products. OTA can accumulate in the mycelium and in black conidia of the fungus and released into the matrix. Here, we have deleted in A. carbonarius the alb1 orthologue gene of A. fumigatus, involved in melanin biosynthesis. Three A. carbonarius Δalb1 mutants were characterized for morphologic traits and OTA production on different media and temperatures. Δalb1 mutants showed a fawn color of conidia associated with a significant reduction of the conidiogenesis and a statistically significant increase (p ≤ 0.01) of total OTA production as compared to the wild type (WT) strain. The alb1 gene somehow affected OTA partitioning since in Δalb1 mutants OTA amount was lower in conidia and was more abundantly secreted into the medium as compared to the WT. On grape berries the Δalb1 mutants and the WT caused lesions with similar sizes but OTA amount in berry tissues was higher for the mutants. These results demonstrate that A. carbonarius conidia pigmentation is largely dependent on polyketide biosynthesis. The gene is not directly involved in virulence and its deletion affects morphological features and OTA production in the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Murolo S, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F, Romanazzi G. Phenotypic and Molecular Investigations on Hypovirulent Cryphonectria parasitica in Italy. Plant Dis 2018; 102:540-545. [PMID: 30673478 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-17-0517-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight is caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. As one of the most ecologically important diseases of Castanea spp., C. parasitica can rapidly kill trees. In Europe, mitigation of disease severity took place spontaneously through colonization of C. parasitica by mycoviruses, which reduced the virulence of the fungus. In the framework of a survey, 138 C. parasitica isolates were identified, and virulent/hypovirulent phenotypes were determined through morphological properties and pathogenicity tests. For a pool of four hypovirulent isolates, dsRNA was extracted, cDNA synthesized, and a library subjected to next-generation sequencing. The bioinformatics analysis allowed detecting and reconstructing the complete genome of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1), denoted as CHV-1 Marche. When compared with the available genomes of other hypoviruses that affected the virulence of C. parasitica, available in databases, CHV-1 Marche showed some nucleotide diversity. The approach used in this study was effective to explore the virome inside a pool of hypovirulent C. parasitica isolates. Next-generation sequencing allowed us to exclude the presence of any other ssRNA and dsRNA viruses infecting the fungus and determine CHV-1 as the only responsible of hypovirulence of C. parasitica in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Rotolo C, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Dongiovanni C, Pollastro S, Fumarola G, Di Carolo M, Perrelli D, Natale P, Faretra F. Use of biocontrol agents and botanicals in integrated management of Botrytis cinerea in table grape vineyards. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:715-725. [PMID: 29044981 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the use of biological control agents (BCAs) and botanicals (BOTs) due to increasing awareness of the environmental and human health risks associated with synthetic plant protection products. The BCAs Bacillus subtilis strain QST713, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 and Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM14940 and DSM14941, and the BOTs Melaleuca alternifolia and terpenic extracts are proposed for the control of grey mould in vineyards. This study was aimed at evaluating their effectiveness in integrated crop management strategies and their outcomes in terms of the management of fungicide resistance and residues. RESULTS In field trials carried out on table grapes in southern Italy, use of BCAs or BOTs alternately or mixtures of BCAs or BOTs with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide fluopyram showed efficacy of up to 96% against grey mould on bunches, comparable with the chemical reference strategy (up to 87%). By contrast, use of BCAs or BOTs (up to 11 sprays) alone was not effective (< 30%) under high disease pressure. The integrated use of BCAs or BOTs reduced the spread of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor-resistant conidia, as well as fungicide residues in grapes. CONCLUSIONS Spray schedules based on integration of BCAs or BOTs with fungicides are effective against grey mould and reduce the risk of fungicide resistance in B. cinerea and fungicide residues in grapes. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Crescenza Dongiovanni
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Fumarola
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Di Carolo
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Perrelli
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Natale
- Centro di ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura 'Basile Caramia', Locorotondo, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Gerin D, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Pollastro S, Faretra F. RNA-Seq Reveals OTA-Related Gene Transcriptional Changes in Aspergillus carbonarius. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147089. [PMID: 26765536 PMCID: PMC4713082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin harmful for animals and humans. Aspergillus carbonarius is the main responsible for OTA contamination of grapes and derived products. Gene transcriptional profiling of 4 A. carbonarius strains was carried out by RNA-Seq analysis to study transcriptome changes associated with OTA production. By comparing OTA inducing (OTAI) vs. non-inducing (OTAN) cultural conditions, a total of 3,705 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (fold change > |2| and FDR ≤ 0.05) were identified. Several genes involved in primary metabolic processes, with particular regard to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, secondary metabolic processes, transport, response to stress and sporulation were up-regulated by OTAI conditions at all the analysed sampling times (4, 6 and 8 DAI) or starting from 6 DAI. Highly up-regulated DEGs encoding enzymes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, oxidoreductases, transporters and transcription factors were examined for their potential involvement in OTA biosynthesis and related metabolic pathways. Differential expression of genes encoding polyketide synthases (pks), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps) and chloroperoxidase (cpo) was validated by RT-qPCR. Among clusters of co-regulated genes involved in SM biosynthesis, one putative OTA-gene cluster, including both pks and nrps genes, was detected in the A. carbonarius genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rita M. De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Masiello M, Rotolo C, Pollastro S, Faretra F. Molecular characterisation and detection of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:1884-1893. [PMID: 24481672 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs), interfering with fungal respiration, are considered to be fungicides at medium to high risk of resistance. Boscalid was the first molecule belonging to the SDHIs that was introduced for the control of Botryotinia fuckeliana. A range of different target-site mutations leading to boscalid resistance have been found in field populations of the fungus. The different types of mutation confer different cross-resistance profiles towards novel SDHIs, such as the recently introduced fungicide fluopyram. This study combines the determination of cross-resistance profiles and the setting-up of methods for fast molecular detection of the mutations. RESULTS By means of in vitro tests, a range of SdhB mutations were characterised for resistance levels towards boscalid and fluopyram. SdhB mutations conferring P225L and P225F substitutions conferred high resistance to boscalid and high or moderate resistance to fluopyram respectively. Mutants carrying the N230I replacement were moderately resistant to both SDHIs. Substitutions at position H272 responsible for a high level of resistance to boscalid conferred sensitivity (H272R), hypersensitivity (H272Y) or moderate resistance (H272V) to fluopyram. Allele-specific (AS) PCR was developed and used for genotyping 135 B. fuckeliana isolates. The assay confirmed the strict association between resistance profiles and allelic variants of the SdhB gene. Real-time AS-PCR proved to be sensitive and specific for quantitative detection of different SDHI-resistant genotypes. CONCLUSION Fluopyram-resistant mutants are currently rarely detected in the field sprayed with boscalid, but this may change with intensive exposure of the fungal population to fluopyram. PCR assays/methods developed in the study provide tools for fast monitoring of field populations and observing possible changes in population composition following fluopyram introduction, useful for the setting-up of appropriate preventive measures.
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Rotolo C, Masiello M, Gerin D, Pollastro S, Faretra F. Occurrence of fungicide resistance in populations of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) on table grape and strawberry in southern Italy. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:1785-96. [PMID: 24338954 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) is a pathogen with a high risk of development of resistance to fungicides. Fungicide resistance was monitored during 2008-2011 in B. fuckeliana populations from both table-grape vineyards and greenhouse-grown strawberries in southern Italy. RESULTS Isolates showing different levels of resistance to anilinopyrimidines (APs) were detected at high frequency (up to 98%) in fields treated intensively with APs (4-7 sprays season(-1) ). A slight decrease in sensitivity to fludioxonil, always combined with AP resistance, was generally found at lower frequencies. The repeated use of fenhexamid on grapevine (3-8 sprays season(-1) ) led to a strong selection of highly resistant isolates (up to 100%). Boscalid-resistant mutants were detected at very variable frequencies (0-73%). Occurrence of resistance to quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) was also ascertained. Multiple fungicide resistance to 2-6 different modes of action were frequently recovered. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the target genes Erg27, SdhB and cytb were associated with resistance to fenehexamid, boscalid and QoIs respectively. CONCLUSION Resistance to the fungicides commonly used against grey mould on table grape and strawberry is quite common in southern Italy. This is an outcome of the incorrect use of fungicides, often because of the maximum number of detectable residues of plant protection products imposed by big international retailers, and underlines the crucial role of antiresistance strategies in integrated pest management.
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De Miccolis Angelini RM, Rotolo C, Masiello M, Pollastro S, Ishii H, Faretra F. Genetic analysis and molecular characterisation of laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) resistant to QoI fungicides. Pest Manag Sci 2012; 68:1231-1240. [PMID: 22488841 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND QoI fungicides, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration, are considered to be at high risk of resistance development. In several phytopathogenic fungi, resistance is caused by mutations (most frequently G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. The genetic and molecular basis of QoI resistance were investigated in laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetz. exhibiting in vitro reduced sensitivity to trifloxystrobin. RESULTS B. fuckeliana mutants highly resistant to trifloxystrobin were obtained in the laboratory by spontaneous mutations in wild-type strains, or from naturally infected plants on a medium amended with 1-3 mg L(-1) trifloxystrobin and 2 mM salicylhydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase. No point mutations were detected, either in the complete nucleotide sequences of the cytb gene or in those of the aox and Rieske protein genes of laboratory mutants, whereas all field mutants carried the G143A mutation in the mitochondrial cytb gene. QoI resistance was always maternally inherited in ascospore progeny of sexual crosses of field mutants with sensitive reference strains. CONCLUSIONS The G143A mutation in cytb gene is confirmed to be responsible for field resistance to QoIs in B. fuckeliana. Maternal inheritance of resistance to QoIs in progeny of sexual crosses confirmed that it is caused by extranuclear genetic determinants. In laboratory mutants the heteroplasmic state of mutated mitochondria could likely hamper the G143A detection, otherwise other gene(s) underlying different mechanisms of resistance could be involved.
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Faretra F, Pollastro S, Sansiviero F. Activity of adjuvants in ‘aliette’ againstBotryotinia fuckeliana(botrytis cinered) and their cross-resistance with benzimidazole fungicides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780350212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Faretra F, Pollastro S. Isolation, characterization and genetic analysis of laboratory mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana resistant to the phenylpyrrole fungicide CGA 173506. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Faretra F, Pollastro S. Genetic basis of resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Faretra F, Antonacci E, Pollastro S. Sexual Behaviour and Mating System of Botryotinia fuckeliana, Teleomorph of Botrytis cinerea. Microbiology (Reading) 1988. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-134-9-2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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