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Shibru B, Fey K, Fricke S, Blaudszun AR, Fürst F, Weise M, Seiffert S, Weyh MK, Köhl U, Sack U, Boldt A. Detection of Immune Checkpoint Receptors - A Current Challenge in Clinical Flow Cytometry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694055. [PMID: 34276685 PMCID: PMC8281132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological therapy principles are increasingly determining modern medicine. They are used to treat diseases of the immune system, for tumors, but also for infections, neurological diseases, and many others. Most of these therapies base on antibodies, but small molecules, soluble receptors or cells and modified cells are also used. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is amazingly fast. T-cell directed antibody therapies against PD-1 or CTLA-4 are already firmly established in the clinic. Further targets are constantly being added and it is becoming increasingly clear that their expression is not only relevant on T cells. Furthermore, we do not yet have any experience with the long-term systemic effects of the treatment. Flow cytometry can be used for diagnosis, monitoring, and detection of side effects. In this review, we focus on checkpoint molecules as target molecules and functional markers of cells of the innate and acquired immune system. However, for most of the interesting and potentially relevant parameters, there are still no test kits suitable for routine use. Here we give an overview of the detection of checkpoint molecules on immune cells in the peripheral blood and show examples of a possible design of antibody panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Shibru
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Fey
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Fürst
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Weise
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Seiffert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Katharina Weyh
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Geier S, Fürst F, Ziegerer E, Kupfer T, Heber U, Irrgang A, Wang B, Liu Z, Han Z, Sesar B, Levitan D, Kotak R, Magnier E, Smith K, Burgett WS, Chambers K, Flewelling H, Kaiser N, Wainscoat R, Waters C. Stellar dynamics. The fastest unbound star in our Galaxy ejected by a thermonuclear supernova. Science 2015; 347:1126-8. [PMID: 25745168 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypervelocity stars (HVSs) travel with velocities so high that they exceed the escape velocity of the Galaxy. Several acceleration mechanisms have been discussed. Only one HVS (US 708, HVS 2) is a compact helium star. Here we present a spectroscopic and kinematic analysis of US 708. Traveling with a velocity of ~1200 kilometers per second, it is the fastest unbound star in our Galaxy. In reconstructing its trajectory, the Galactic center becomes very unlikely as an origin, which is hardly consistent with the most favored ejection mechanism for the other HVSs. Furthermore, we detected that US 708 is a fast rotator. According to our binary evolution model, it was spun-up by tidal interaction in a close binary and is likely to be the ejected donor remnant of a thermonuclear supernova.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geier
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany. Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory and Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Astronomical Institute, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Sternwartstraße 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany.
| | - F Fürst
- Space Radiation Lab, MC 290-17 Cahill, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - E Ziegerer
- Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory and Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Astronomical Institute, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Sternwartstraße 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - T Kupfer
- Department of Astrophysics/Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - U Heber
- Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory and Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Astronomical Institute, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Sternwartstraße 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - A Irrgang
- Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory and Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Astronomical Institute, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Sternwartstraße 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - B Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650011, China
| | - Z Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650011, China. Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Z Han
- Key Laboratory of the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650011, China
| | - B Sesar
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Levitan
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Kotak
- Astrophysics Research Center, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - E Magnier
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - K Smith
- Astrophysics Research Center, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - W S Burgett
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - K Chambers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Flewelling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Kaiser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Wainscoat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Waters
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Baloković M, Ajello M, Blandford RD, Boggs SE, Borracci F, Chiang J, Christensen FE, Craig WW, Forster K, Furniss A, Fürst F, Ghisellini G, Giebels B, Giommi P, Grefenstette BW, Hailey CJ, Harrison FA, Hayashida M, Humensky B, Inoue Y, Koglin JE, Krawczynski H, Madejski GM, Madsen KK, Meier DL, Nelson T, Ogle P, Paneque D, Perri M, Puccetti S, Reynolds CS, Sbarrato T, Stern D, Tagliaferri G, Urry CM, Wehrle AE, Zhang WW. First Results fromNuSTARObservations of Mkn 421. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20136104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schuler B, Fürst F, Osterroth F, Steinbacher S, Huber R, Seckler R. Plasticity and steric strain in a parallel beta-helix: rational mutations in the P22 tailspike protein. Proteins 2000; 39:89-101. [PMID: 10737931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
By means of genetic screens, a great number of mutations that affect the folding and stability of the tailspike protein from Salmonella phage P22 have been identified. Temperature-sensitive folding (tsf) mutations decrease folding yields at high temperature, but hardly affect thermal stability of the native trimeric structure when assembled at low temperature. Global suppressor (su) mutations mitigate this phenotype. Virtually all of these mutations are located in the central domain of tailspike, a large parallel beta-helix. We modified tailspike by rational single amino acid replacements at three sites in order to investigate the influence of mutations of two types: (1) mutations expected to cause a tsf phenotype by increasing the side-chain volume of a core residue, and (2) mutations in a similar structural context as two of the four known su mutations, which have been suggested to stabilize folding intermediates and the native structure by the release of backbone strain, an effect well known for residues that are primarily evolved for function and not for stability or folding of the protein. Analysis of folding yields, refolding kinetics and thermal denaturation kinetics in vitro show that the tsf phenotype can indeed be produced rationally by increasing the volume of side chains in the beta-helix core. The high-resolution crystal structure of mutant T326F proves that structural rearrangements only take place in the remarkably plastic lumen of the beta-helix, leaving the arrangement of the hydrogen-bonded backbone and thus the surface of the protein unaffected. This supports the notion that changes in the stability of an intermediate, in which the beta-helix domain is largely formed, are the essential mechanism by which tsf mutations affect tailspike folding. A rational design of su mutants, on the other hand, appears to be more difficult. The exchange of two residues in the active site expected to lead to a drastic release of steric strain neither enhanced the folding properties nor the stability of tailspike. Apparently, side-chain interactions in these cases overcompensate for backbone strain, illustrating the extreme optimization of the tailspike protein for conformational stability. The result exemplifies the view arising from the statistical analysis of the distribution of backbone dihedral angles in known three-dimensional protein structures that the adoption of straight phi/psi angles other than the most favorable ones is often caused by side-chain interactions. Proteins 2000;39:89-101.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schuler
- Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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